Abstract
Breast cancer is mainly the common form of cancer in women and is a leading cause of death worldwide associated with cancer. The objective of this study was to assess the possible association of lipid profiles (total cholesterol TC, low-density lipoprotein LDL, very-low-density lipoprotein VLDL, high-density lipoprotein HDL, non-HDL and triglyceride TG), Chitinase-3-Like Protein1 (YKL-40) and changes in the levels of certain trace elements (Cu, Mg, Fe, and Zn), antioxidant status (TAC) and nitric oxide (NO) in benign and breast cancer in Egyptian females population. For 56 females with a benign breast tumor, 58 females with breast cancer, besides 52 healthy controls, Serum lipid profile, YKL-40, TAC, NO, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mg have been determined. Our results showed a significant difference in lipid profile and a significant increase in, YKL-40, NO, and iron in breast benign tumor and cancer patients compared to control one. Besides, there is a significant reduction in serum magnesium and TAC levels in the patients’ group compared to the healthy group. There is also a significant correlation between serum YKL-40 level and TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, non-HDL-C, and TG in the breast cancer group; although only YKL-40 and VLDL-C showed a significant positive correlation in benign tumor patients. It is recommended that non-HDL-cholesterol, TAC, and Mg be used as biomarkers for breast cancer and its progression.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Santen RJ, Mansel R (2005) Benign breast disorders. N Engl J Med 353:275–785
Wirfalt E, Mattisson I et al (2003) Post-menopausal breast cancer is associated with high intakes of ω-6 fatty acids (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control 13:883–893
Guray M, Sahin AA (2006) Benign breast diseases: classification, diagnosis, and management. Oncologist 11:435–449
Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration, Fitzmaurice C, Akinyemiju TF et al (2018) Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. JAMA Oncol 4:1553–1568
Torre LA, Bray F et al (2015) Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 65:87–108
Lane DM, Boatman KK, McConathy WJ (1995) Serum lipids and apolipoproteins in women with breast masses. Breast Cancer Res Treat 34:161–169
Rodrigues DSC, Fonseca I et al (2014) Plasma level of LDLcholesterol at diagnosis is a predictor factor of breast tumor progression. BMC Cancer 14:132
Nowak C, Ärnlöv JA (2018) Mendelian randomization study of the effects of blood lipids on breast cancer risk. Nat Commun 9:3957
Furberg AS, Veierod MB et al (2004) Serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol, metabolic profile, and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 96(15):1152–1160
Li X, Tang H et al (2017) The effect of preoperative serum triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels on the prognosis of breast cancer. Breast 32:1–6
Cedó L, Reddy ST et al (2019) HDL and LDL: potential new players in breast cancer development. J Clin Med 8(6):853
Collaboration ERF, Di Angelantonio E, Sarwar N et al (2009) Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease. JAMA 302:1993–2000
Brunner FJ, Waldeyer C et al (2019) Application of non-HDL cholesterol for population-based cardiovascular risk stratification: results from the Multinational Cardiovascular Risk Consortium. Lancet 394:2173–2183
Balaban S, Lee LS et al (2015) Obesity and cancer progression: is there a role of fatty acid metabolism? Biomed Res Int 2015:274585
Saavedra-Garcia P, Nichols K et al (2018) Unravelling therole of fatty acid metabolism in cancer through the FOXO3-FOXM1 axis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 462(Pt B):82–92
Lofterød T, Mortensen ES et al (2018) Impact of pre-diagnostic triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol on breast cancer recurrence and survival by breast cancer subtypes. BMC Cancer 18:654
Schultz NA, Johansen JS (2010) YKL-40- A Protein in the field of translational medicine: a role as a biomarker in cancer patients. Cancers 2:1453–1491
Johansen JS, Jensen BV, Roslind A, Nielsen D, Price PA (2006) Serum YKL-40, a new prognostic biomarker in cancer patients? Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 15:194–202
Bian B, Li L et al (2019) Prognostic value of YKL-40 in solid tumors: a meta-analysis of 41 cohort studies. Cancer Cell Int 19:259
Shao R, Cao QJ et al (2011) Breast cancer expression of YKL-40 correlates with tumor grade, poor differentiation, and other cancer markers. Br J Cancer 105(8):1203–1209
Olfat GS, Yasser HN et al (2014) Chitinase-3-like protein1 (YKL-40) as biomarker in serum of Egyptian breast cancer females. Biochem Anal Biochem 3:149
Reuter S, Gupta SC et al (2010) Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: how are they linked? Free Radic Biol Med 49(11):1603–1616
Lee JD, Cai Q et al (2017) The role of biomarkers of oxidative stress in breast cancer risk and prognosis: a systematic review of the epidemiologic literature. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 26(5):467–482
Hewala TI, Abo Elsoud MR (2019) The clinical significance of serum oxidative stress biomarkers in breast cancer females. Med Res J 4(1):1–7
Sener DE, Gönenç A et al (2007) Lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant status in patients with breast cancer. Cell Biochem Funct 25:377–382
Abdel-Salam OME, Youness ER et al (2011) The antioxidant status of the plasma in patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Open J Mol Integr Physiol 1:29–35
Thomsen LL, Miles DW et al (1995) Nitric oxide synthase activity in human breast cancer. Br J Cancer 72:41–44
Lala PK, Chakraborty C (2001) Role of nitric oxide in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Lancet Oncol 2:149–156
Choudhari SK, Chaudhary M et al (2013) Nitric oxide and cancer: a review. World J Surg Oncol 11:118
Taha MM, Mohamed AS et al (2014) Estrogen receptor gene-α polymorphism in relation to lipid profile and Cu, Zn levels in breast cancer patients. Int Public Health Forum 1(4):7–14
Al-Fartusie FS, Mohssan SN (2017) Essential trace elements and their vital roles in human body. Indian J Adv Chem Sci 5(3):127–136
Fukuda H, Ebara M et al (2004) Trace elements and cancer. JMAJ 47(8):391–395
Xu J, Wise JTF et al (2017) Dual roles of oxidative stress in metal carcinogenesis. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 36(4):345–376
Fanzani A, Poli M (2017) Iron, oxidative damage and ferroptosis in rhabdomyosarcoma. Int J Mol Sci 18(8):1718
Gupte A, Mumper RJ (2009) Elevated copper and oxidative stress in cancer cells as a target for cancer treatment. Cancer Treat Rev 35:32–46
Hasebe N (2005) Oxidative stress and magnesium. Clin Calcium 15(2):194–202
Zheltova AA, Kharitonova MV et al (2016) Magnesium deficiency and oxidative stress: an update. Biomedicine (Taipei) 6(4):20
Wolf FI, Trapani V et al (2009) Magnesium deficiency affects mammary epithelial cell proliferation: involvement of oxidative stress. Nutr Cancer 61(1):131–136
Wolf FI, Maier JA, Nasulewicz A et al (2007) Magnesium and neoplasia: from carcinogenesis to tumor growth and progression or treatment. Arch Biochem Biophys 458:24–32
Franklin RB, Costello LC (2009) The important role of the apoptotic effects of zinc in the development of cancers. J Cell Biochem 106(5):750–757
Fassati P, Prencipe L (1982) Serum triglycerides determined colorimetrically with an enzyme that produces hydrogen peroxide. Clin Chem 28(10):2077–2080
Richmond W (1973) Preparation and properties of a cholesterol oxidase from Nocardia sp. and its application to the enzymatic assay of total cholesterol in serum. Clin Chem 19(12):1350–1356
Lopes-Virella MF, Stone P et al (1977) Cholesterol determination in high-density lipoproteins separated by three different methods. Clin Chem 23(5):882–884
Wieland H, Seidel D (1983) A simple specific method for precipitation of low density lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 24(7):904–909
Warnick GR, Knopp RH et al (1990) Estimation of low density lipoprotein cholesterol by the Friedewald equation is adequate for classifying patients on the basis of nationality recommended cut points. Clin Chem 36(1):15–19
Montogomery HAC, Dymock JF (1961) Colorimetric determination of nitric oxide. Analyst 86:414–416
Koracevic D, Koracevic G et al (2001) Method for the measurement of antioxidant activity in human fluids. J Clin Pathol 54:356–361
Artiss JD, Vinogradov S, Zak B (1981) Spectrophotometric study of several sensitive reagents for serum iron. Clin Biochem 14(6):311–315
Abe A, Yamashita S, Noma A (1989) Sensitive, direct colorimetric assay for copper in serum. Clin Chem 35(4):552–554
Johnsen R, Eliasson R (1987) Evaluation of commercially available kit for the colorimetric determination of zinc. Int J Androl 10(2):435–440
Grindler EM, Heth DA (1971) Colorimetric determination with bound calmagite of magnesium in human blood serum. Clin Chem 17:662
Ferlay J, Colombet M et al (2019) Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods. Int J Cancer 144(8):1941–1953
Ray G, Husain SA (2001) Role of lipids, lipoproteins and vitamins in women with breast cancer. Clin Biochem 34(1):71–76
Ni H, Liu H, Gao R (2015) Serum lipids and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. PLoS One 10:e0142669
Prabakar MS, Prakasam N et al (2019) clinical study of serum lipid profile in benign breast disease in a tertiary care hospital. Int Surg J 6(9):3162–3164
Touvier M, Fassier P et al (2015) Cholesterol and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Br J Nutr 114:347–357
Borgquist S, Butt T et al (2016) Apolipoproteins, lipids and risk of cancer. Int J Cancer 138:2648–2656
Kabat GC, Kim M et al (2009) A longitudinal study of the metabolic syndrome and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 18(7):2046–2053
Melvin JC, Seth D et al (2012) Lipid profiles and risk of breast and ovarian cancer in the Swedish AMORIS Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 21(8):1381–1384
Kucharska-Newton AM, Rosamond WD et al (2008) HDL-cholesterol and incidence of breast cancer in the ARIC cohort study. Ann Epidemiol 18(9):671–677
Agnoli C, Berrino F et al (2010) Metabolic syndrome and postmenopausal breast cancer in the ORDET cohort: a nested case–control study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 20:41–48
Martin LJ, Melnichouk O et al (2015) Serum lipids, lipoproteins, and risk of breast cancer: a nested case–control study using multiple time points. J Natl Cancer Inst 107(5):djv032. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djv032
Knapp ML, al-Sheibani S, Riches PG (1991) Alterations of serum lipids in breast cancer: effects of disease activity, treatment, and hormonal factors. Clin Chem 37:2093–2101
Johansen JS, Christensen IJ et al (2003) High serum YKL-40 levels in patients with primary breast cancer is related to short recurrence free survival. Breast Cancer Res Treat 80:15–21
Uzunova V, Paskalev G et al (2010) YKL-40—a new diagnostic biomarker for benign breast diseases and breast cancer. J IMAB 16:8–10
Shao R (2013) YKL-40 acts as an angiogenic factor to promote tumor angiogenesis. Front Physiol 4:122. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2013.00122
Thomsen SB, Rathcke CN et al (2012) The association between genetic variations of CHI3L1, levels of the encoded glycoprotein YKL-40 and the lipid profile in a Danish population. PLoS One 7(10):e47094. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047094
Rathcke CN, Vestergaard H (2006) YKL-40, a new inflammatory marker with relation to insulin resistance and with a role in endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Inflamm Res 55:221–227
Michelsen AE, Rathcke CN et al (2010) Increased YKL-40 expression in patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 211:589–595
Ebrahim A, Mustafa AI et al (2020) Serum YKL40: a novel potential link between inflammation and dyslipidemia in acne vulgaris. J Cosmet Dermatol 19(5):1219–1223
Di Giacomo C, Acquaviva R et al (2003) Nonproteic antioxidant status in plasma of subjects with colon cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 228:525–528
Zabłocka-Słowińska K, Porębska I et al (2016) Total antioxidant status in lung cancer is associated with levels of endogenous antioxidants and disease stage rather than lifestyle factors—preliminary study. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 20(4):302–307
Yeon JY, Suh YJ et al (2011) Evaluation of dietary factors in relation to the biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in breast cancer risk. Nutr 27:912–918
Halliwell B (2007) Oxidative stress and cancer: have we moved forward? Biochem J 401:1–11
Rashad YA, Elkhodary TR et al (2013) Evaluation of serum levels of HER2, MMP-9, nitric oxide, and total antioxidant capacity in Egyptian breast cancer patients: correlation with clinico-pathological parameters. Sci Pharm 82:129–145
El-Deeb MMK, El-Sheredy HG, Mohammed AF (2019) The possible role of interleukin (IL)-18 and nitrous oxide and their relation to oxidative stress in the development and progression of breast cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 20(9):2659–2665
Lechner M, Lirk P, Rieder J (2005) Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in tumor biology: the two sides of the same coin. Semin Cancer Biol 15:277–289
Holotiuk VV, Kryzhanivska AY et al (2019) Role of nitric oxide in pathogenesis of tumor growth and its possible application in cancer treatment. Exp Oncol 41(3):210–215
Ahmadi N, Mahjoub S et al (2018) Alterations in serum levels of trace element in patients with breast cancer before and after chemotherapy. Casp J Intern Med 9(2):134–139
da Silva MP, Zucchi OL (2009) Discriminant analysis of trace elements in normal, benign and malignant breast tissues measured by total reflection X-ray fluorescence. Spectrochim Acta Part B 64:587–592
Silva MP, Soave DF et al (2012) Trace elements as tumor biomarkers and prognostic factors in breast cancer: a study through energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence. BMC Res Notes 5:194. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-194
Kaczmarek K, Jakubowska A et al (2012) Zinc and breast cancer risk. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 10(Suppl 4):A6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1897-4287-10-S4-A6
Leonard SS, Bower JJ, Shi X (2004) Metal-induced toxicity, carcinogenesis, mechanisms and cellular responses. Mol Cell Biochem 255(1–2):3–10
Castiglioni S, Maier JA (2011) Magnesium and cancer: a dangerous liason. Magnes Res 24:S92–100
Blaszczyk U, Duda-Chodak A (2013) Magnesium: its role in nutrition and carcinogenesis. Rocz Państw Zakł Hig 64(3):165–171
Atoe K, Idemudia JO, Eboreime O (2014) Serum magnesium levels in women with breast cancer in Benin City, Nigeria. Int J Trop Dis Health 4(6):723–728
Aleksandrowicz J, Blicharski J, Dzigowska A (1970) Leuko- and oncogenesis in the light of studies on metabolism of magnesium and its turnover in biocenosis. Acta Med Pol 1:289–302
Blondell JW (1980) The anticarcinogenic effect of magnesium. Med Hypotheses 6:863–871
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All the authors on this manuscript contributed to data collection, Writing the manuscript, reviewing and final approval of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the National Research Center.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shahy, E.M., Taha, M.M. & Ibrahim, K.S. Assessment of YKL-40, lipid profile, antioxidant status, and some trace elements in benign and malignant breast proliferation. Mol Biol Rep 47, 6973–6982 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05756-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05756-1