Abstract
This work proposes a new direction in quantum cryptography called quantum authencryption. Quantum authencryption (QA), a new term to distinguish from authenticated quantum secure direct communications, is used to describe the technique of combining quantum encryption and quantum authentication into one process for off-line communicants. QA provides a new way of quantum communications without the presence of a receiver on line, and thus makes many applications depending on secure one-way quantum communications, such as quantum E-mail systems, possible. An example protocol using single photons and one-way hash functions is presented to realize the requirements on QA.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bennett, C.H., Brassard, G.: Quantum cryptography: public key distribution and coin tossing. In: IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems and Signal Processing, Bangalore, India (1984)
Ekert, A.K.: Quantum cryptography based on Bell’s theorem. Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 661–663 (1991)
Bennett, C.H.: Quantum cryptography using any two nonorthogonal states. Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 3121–3124 (1992)
Long, G., Liu, X.: Theoretically efficient high-capacity quantum-key-distribution scheme. Phys. Rev. A 65, 032302 (2002)
Deng, F.G., Long, G.L., Wang, Y., Xiao, L.: Increasing the efficiencies of random-choice-based quantum communication protocols with delayed measurement. Chin. Phys. Lett. 21, 2097–2100 (2004)
Hwang, T., Tsai, C.W., Chong, S.K.: Probabilistic quantum key distribution. Quantum Inf. Comput. 11, 615–637 (2011)
Hwang, T., Lee, K.C., Li, C.M.: Provably secure three-party authenticated quantum key distribution protocols. IEEE Trans. Dependable Secure Comput. 4, 71–80 (2007)
Hwang, T., Hwang, C.C., Tsai, C.W.: Quantum key distribution protocol using dense coding of three-qubit W state. Eur. Phys. J. D At. Mol. Opt. Plasma Phys. 61, 785–790 (2011)
Braunstein, S.L., Pirandola, S.: Side-channel-free quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 130502 (2012)
Pirandola, S., Garcia-Patron, R., Braunstein, S.L., Lloyd, S.: Direct and reverse secret-key capacities of a quantum channel. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 050503 (2009)
Yang, C.-W., Tsai, C.-W., Hwang, T.: Fault tolerant deterministic quantum communications using GHZ states over collective-noise channels. Quantum Inf. Process. 12, 3043–3055 (2013)
Hwang, T., Li, C.M., Lee, N.Y.: Secure direct communication using deterministic BB84 protocol. Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 19, 625–635 (2008)
Tsai, C.W., Hwang, T.: New deterministic quantum communication via symmetric W state. Opt. Commun. 283, 4397–4400 (2010)
Tsai, C.W., Hsieh, C.R., Hwang, T.: Dense coding using cluster states and its application on deterministic secure quantum communication. Eur. Phys. J. D At. Mol. Opt. Plasma Phys. 61, 779–783 (2011)
Boström, K., Felbinger, T.: Deterministic secure direct communication using entanglement. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 187902 (2002)
Man, Z.X., Zhang, Z.J., Li, Y.: Deterministic secure direct communication by using swapping quantum entanglement and local unitary operations. Chin. Phys. Lett. 22, 18–21 (2005)
Zhang, Z.J., Man, Z.X., Li, Y.: Improving Wojcik’s eavesdropping attack on the ping-pong protocol. Phys. Lett. A 333, 46–50 (2004)
Zhang, Z.J., Li, Y., Man, Z.X.: Improved Wojcik’s eavesdropping attack on ping-pong protocol without eavesdropping-induced channel loss. Phys. Lett. A 341, 385–389 (2005)
Zhang, Z.J., Jun, L., Liu, Y.M., Cao, H.J., Shi, S.H.: Revisiting quantum secure direct communication with W state. Chin. Phys. Lett. 23, 2652–2655 (2006)
Zhang, Z.J., Yuan, H., Liu, Y.M., Zhang, W.: Eavesdropping on quantum secure direct communication with W state in noisy channel. Commun. Theor. Phys. 49, 103–106 (2008)
Li, X.-H., Li, C.-Y., Deng, F.-G., Zhou, P., Liang, Y.-J., Zhou, H.-Y.: Quantum secure direct communication with quantum encryption based on pure entangled states. Chin. Phys. 16, 2149 (2007)
Deng, F.-G., Long, G., Liu, X.-S.: Two-step quantum direct communication protocol using the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen pair block. Phys. Rev. A 68, 042317 (2003)
Yang, C.-W., Tsai, C.-W., Hwang, T.: Fault tolerant two-step quantum secure direct communication protocol against collective noises. Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 54, 496–501 (2011)
Yang, C.-W., Hwang, T.: Improved QSDC protocol over a collective-dephasing noise channel. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 51, 3941–3950 (2012)
Man, Z.X., Zhang, Z.J., Li, Y.: Quantum dialogue revisited. Chin. Phys. Lett. 22, 22–24 (2005)
Man, Z.X., Xia, Y.J., Zhang, Z.J.: Secure deterministic bidirectional communication without entanglement. Int. J. Quantum Inf. 4, 739–746 (2006)
Nguyen, B.: Quantum dialogue. Phys. Lett. A 328, 6–10 (2004)
Shi, G.-F., Xi, X.-Q., Tian, X.-L., Yue, R.-H.: Bidirectional quantum secure communication based on a shared private Bell state. Opt. Commun. 282, 2460–2463 (2009)
Shi, G.-F., Xi, X.-Q., Hu, M.-L., Yue, R.-H.: Quantum secure dialogue by using single photons. Opt. Commun. 283, 1984–1986 (2010)
Gao, G.: Two quantum dialogue protocols without information leakage. Opt. Commun. 283, 2288–2293 (2010)
Yang, C.-W., Hwang, T.: Quantum dialogue protocols immune to collective noise. Quantum Inf. Process. 12, 2131–2142 (2013)
Yang, Y.G., Wen, Q.Y.: An efficient two-party quantum private comparison protocol with decoy photons and two-photon entanglement. J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 42, 055305 (2009)
Lin, J., Tseng, H.-Y., Hwang, T.: Intercept-resend attacks on Chen et al’.s quantum private comparison protocol and the improvements. Opt. Commun. 284, 2412–2414 (2011)
Chang, Y.-J., Tsai, C.-W., Hwang, T.: Multi-user private comparison protocol using GHZ class states. Quantum Inf. Process. 12, 1077–1088 (2013)
Chen, X.B., Xu, G., Niu, X.X., Wen, Q.Y., Yang, Y.X.: An efficient protocol for the private comparison of equal information based on the triplet entangled state and single-particle measurement. Opt. Commun. 283, 1561–1565 (2010)
Zhang, W.-W., Zhang, K.-J.: Cryptanalysis and improvement of the quantum private comparison protocol with semi-honest third party. Quantum Inf. Process. (2012). doi:10.1007/s11128-012-0507-3/11/01
Liu, W., Wang, Y.B., Cui, W.: Quantum private comparison protocol based on Bell entangled states. Commun. Theor. Phys. 57, 583–588 (2012)
Tseng, H.-Y., Lin, J., Hwang, T.: New quantum private comparison protocol using EPR pairs. Quantum Inf. Process. (2012). doi:10.1007/s11128-011-0251-0
Liu, B., Gao, F., Jia, H.-Y., Huang, W., Zhang, W.-W., Wen, Q.-Y.: Efficient quantum private comparison employing single photons and collective detection. Quantum Inf. Process. 12, 887–897 (2013)
Deng, F.-G., Li, X.-H., Zhou, H.-Y.: Efficient high-capacity quantum secret sharing with two-photon entanglement. Phys. Lett. A 372, 1957–1962 (2008)
Deng, F.-G., Li, X.-H., Zhou, H.-Y.: Reply to: “Comment on: ’Efficient high-capacity quantum secret sharing with two-photon entanglement’ Phys. Lett. A 372 (2008) 1957 ” Phys. Lett. A 373 (2009) 396. Phys. Lett. A 373, 399–400 (2009)
Deng, F.-G., Zhou, H.-Y., Long, G.L.: Circular quantum secret sharing. J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 39, 14089–14099 (2006)
Zhang, Z.J., Li, Y., Man, Z.X.: Multiparty quantum secret sharing. Phys. Rev. A 71, 044301 (2005)
Zhang, Z.J., Man, Z.X.: Multiparty quantum secret sharing of classical messages based on entanglement swapping. Phys. Rev. A 72, 022303 (2005)
Zhang, Z.J., Man, Z.X.: Reply to “Comment on ’Multiparty quantum secret sharing of classical messages based on entanglement swapping’ ”. Phys. Rev. A 76 (2007)
Zhang, Z.J.: Multiparty quantum secret sharing of secure direct communication. Phys. Lett. A 342, 60–66 (2005)
Zhang, Z.J.: Multiparty secret sharing of quantum information via cavity QED. Opt. Commun. 261, 199–202 (2006)
Zhang, Z.J.: Robust multiparty quantum secret key sharing over two collective-noise channels. Phys. A Stat. Mech. Appl. 361, 233–238 (2006)
Hwang, T., Hwang, C.-C., Yang, C.-W., Li, C.-M.: Revisiting Deng et al’.s multiparty quantum secret sharing protocol. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 50, 2790–2798 (2011)
Yang, C.-W., Tsai, C.-W., Hwang, T.: Thwarting intercept-and-resend attack on Zhang’s quantum secret sharing using collective rotation noises. Quantum Inf. Process. 11, 113–122 (2012)
Lee, H., Lim, J., Yang, H.: Quantum direct communication with authentication. Phys. Rev. A 73, 042305 (2006)
Zhang, Z.J., Liu, J., Wang, D., Shi, S.H.: Comment on “Quantum direct communication with authentication. Phys. Rev. A 75, 026301 (2007)
Yen, C.A., Horng, S.J., Goan, H.S., Kao, T.W., Chou, Y.H.: Quantum direct communication with mutual authentication. Quantum Inf. Comput. 9, 376–394 (2009)
Liu, W.J., Chen, H.W., Li, Z.Q., Liu, Z.H.: Efficient quantum secure direct communication with authentication. Chin. Phys. Lett. 25, 2354–2357 (2008)
Wang, M.J., Pan, W.: Quantum secure direct communication based on authentication. Chin. Phys. Lett. 25, 3860–3863 (2008)
Yang, J., Wang, C.A., Zhang, R.: Quantum secure direct communication with authentication expansion using single photons. Commun. Theor. Phys. 54, 829–834 (2010)
Yang, Y.-G., Jia, X., Xia, J., Shi, L., Zhang, H.: Comment on “Quantum secure direct communication with authentication expansion using single photons”. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 51, 3681–3687 (2012)
Yu, C.-H., Guo, G.-D., Lin, S.: Quantum secure direct communication with authentication using two nonorthogonal states. Int. J. Theor. Phys. (2012). doi:10.1007/s10773-012-1336-y/09/01
Liu, W.J., Chen, H.W., Ma, T.H., Li, Z.Q., Liu, Z.H., Hu, W.B.: An efficient deterministic secure quantum communication scheme based on cluster states and identity authentication. Chin. Phys. B 18, 4105–4109 (2009)
Liu, D., Pei, C.X., Quan, D.X., Zhao, N.: A new quantum secure direct communication scheme with authentication. Chin. Phys. Lett. 27, 050306 (2010)
Gao, F., Qin, S.J., Guo, F.Z., Wen, Q.Y.: Cryptanalysis of quantum secure direct communication and authentication scheme via Bell states. Chin. Phys. Lett. 28, 020303 (2011)
Tsai, C.W., Wei, T.S., Hwang, T.: One-way quantum authenticated secure communication using rotation operation. Commun. Theor. Phys. 56, 1023–1026 (2011)
Lo, H.K., Chau, H.F.: Unconditional security of quantum key distribution over arbitrarily long distances. Science 283, 2050–2056 (1999)
Shor, P.W., Preskill, J.: Simple proof of security of the BB84 quantum key distribution protocol. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 441–444 (2000)
Damgard, I.B.: A design principle for hash functions. In: Advances in Cryptology—Crypto 89, vol. 435, pp. 416–427 (1990)
Calderbank, A.R., Rains, E.M., Shor, P.W., Sloane, N.J.A.: Quantum error correction and orthogonal geometry. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 405–408 (1997)
Calderbank, A.R., Shor, P.W.: Good quantum error-correcting codes exist. Phys. Rev. A 54, 1098–1105 (1996)
Ekert, A., Macchiavello, C.: Quantum error correction for communication. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2585–2588 (1996)
Gottesman, D.: Class of quantum error-correcting codes saturating the quantum Hamming bound. Phys. Rev. A 54, 1862–1868 (1996)
Knill, E., Laflamme, R., Viola, L.: Theory of quantum error correction for general noise. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2525–2528 (2000)
Laflamme, R., Miquel, C., Paz, J.P., Zurek, W.H.: Perfect quantum error correcting code. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 198–201 (1996)
Shor, P.W.: Scheme for reducing decoherence in quantum computer memory. Phys. Rev. A 52, R2493–R2496 (1995)
Shannon, C.E.: Communication theory of secrecy system. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 28, 656–715 (1949)
Yang, C.-W., Hwang, T., Lin, T.-H.: Modification attack on QSDC with authentication and the improvement. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 52, 2230–2234 (2013)
Acknowledgments
This research is supported partially by the National Science Council, Taiwan, ROC, under the Contract No. NSC 100-2221-E-006-152-MY3.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hwang, T., Luo, YP., Yang, CW. et al. Quantum authencryption: one-step authenticated quantum secure direct communications for off-line communicants. Quantum Inf Process 13, 925–933 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-013-0702-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-013-0702-x