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Vibrational Spectroscopy of Oxide Overlayers

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Abstract

Transition metal oxide overlayers are an important class of heterogeneous catalysts (sometimes referred to as monolayer catalysts), both for model studies and numerous industrial processes. To determine the molecular structures in such amorphous thin layers requires application of characterization methods that can perform in the absence of long-range order and can distinguish between different molecular structures of the same metal oxide (e.g., isolated VO4, isolated VO5, isolated VO6, dimeric V2O7, oligomeric (VO3)n, etc.). Vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman) is the method of choice for this purpose since it can discriminate among multiple molecular structures and can function at high temperatures and pressures in presence of reactive gas phases (oxidizing, reducing and in between). Thus, IR and Raman spectroscopy uniquely provide access to in situ and operando molecular spectroscopy studies under relevant catalytic reaction conditions. In the present review, a comprehensive overview of the various possibilities to structurally and chemically characterize oxide overlayers with vibrational spectroscopy is presented and the progress achieved so far in this field is summarized. The surface molecular structures of supported transition metal oxide layers on oxide supports are described in detail, focusing in particular on those vibrational modes that can be used for precise molecular structural determination. The structural response of such surface oxide species to environmental conditions (ambient, dehydrated, reduced, reaction conditions) is reviewed. The approaches employed to characterize adsorption and reaction sites by the adsorption of suitable probe molecules or by performing in situ or operando studies will be discussed in detail. Additionally, the use of vibrational spectroscopy to study more complex systems will be highlighted, such as the formation of native oxide overlayers on complex oxides or even metal particles (e.g., during strong metal–support interactions).

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Fig. 1
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Reprinted from [148], copyright 2008, with permission from Elsevier

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Reprinted from [79] (Bañares MA, Hu H, Wachs IE, “Molybdena on Silica Catalysts: Role of Preparation Methods on the Structure-Selectivity Properties for the Oxidation of Methanol”, (1994) Journal of Catalysis, 150, 407–420), Copyright (1994), with permission from Elsevier

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Reprinted with permission from [187]. Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society

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Reprinted from [15], copyright 2000, with permission from Elsevier

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Acknowledgements

J. Strunk gratefully acknowledges funding from the Mercator Research Center Ruhr, Project Number Pr-2013-0047, “Photoactive Oxide Materials for the Visible Spectral Range”. M. A. Bañares was supported by a Spanish Ministry grant, No. CTQ2014-57578-R. I. E. Wachs was supported by the Center for Understanding and Control of Acid Gas-Induced Evolution of Materials for Energy (UNCAGE-ME), an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by DOE, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Grant DE-SC0012577.

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  1. Jennifer Strunk

    Present address: Leibniz Institute for Catalysis (LIKAT) at the University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany

    Jennifer Strunk

  2. Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, 47057, Duisburg, Germany

    Jennifer Strunk

  3. SpeICat – Spectroscopy and Industrial Catalysis, Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica, ICP-CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain

    Miguel A. Bañares

  4. Operando Molecular Spectroscopy and Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA

    Israel E. Wachs

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  1. Jennifer Strunk
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  3. Israel E. Wachs
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Correspondence to Israel E. Wachs.

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Strunk, J., Bañares, M.A. & Wachs, I.E. Vibrational Spectroscopy of Oxide Overlayers. Top Catal 60, 1577–1617 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-017-0841-x

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