Abstract
Corporate philanthropy in India is burgeoning due to a fast growing economy, rise in the number of billionaires, and the recent introduction of legislation that mandates spending 2 % of company profits on corporate social responsibility. Through analysis of key historical and anthropological texts, we argue that ‘business philanthropy has a long and honorable history in India’ (Sidel, Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 12(2):171–180, 172, 2001), and explain this with reference to Indian giving practices from Hindu, Mughal (Muslim), British Raj, and Gandhian traditions. We then move into a review of the emerging field of literature on corporate philanthropy, to explore how these traditions synthesized with contemporary global business and economic practices to create a distinct form of Indian corporate philanthropy. We necessarily also include an overview of its salient critiques. This will be of interest to those concerned with Indian philanthropy and of culturally specific scholarship of philanthropy.
Résumé
Le mécénat d’entreprise en Inde est en plein essor en raison d’une croissance économique rapide, de l’augmentation du nombre de milliardaires et de l’introduction récente d’une législation qui impose de dépenser 2 % des bénéfices sur la responsabilité sociale des entreprises. Grâce à l’analyse de textes historiques et anthropologiques de premier plan, nous montrons que «le mécénat d’entreprise a une longue et honorable histoire» en Inde» (Sidel 2001: 172) et expliquons cela en référence aux pratiques des Indiens en matière de dons provenant des traditions hindoues, mongoles (musulmane), du Raj britannique et de Gandhi. Nous passons ensuite à un examen du domaine émergent de la littérature sur le mécénat d’entreprise pour étudier comment ces traditions ont été synthétisées avec les pratiques commerciales et économiques mondiales contemporaines pour créer une forme distincte du mécénat d’entreprise indien. Nous avons inclus également un aperçu de ses principales critiques. Cela présente un intérêt pour les personnes concernées par la philanthropie indienne et celles bénéficiant d’une bourse d’études culturelle spécifique en philanthropie.
Zusammenfassung
Die unternehmerische Philanthropie in Indien blüht aufgrund einer rasant wachsenden Wirtschaft, einer zunehmenden Zahl von Millionären und der kürzlichen Einführung eines Gesetzes, nach dem 2 % der Unternehmensgewinne im Bereich Corporate Social Responsibility investiert werden müssen. Beruhend auf einer Analyse wichtiger historischer und anthropologischer Texte behaupten wir, dass „die unternehmerische Philanthropie eine lange und ehrenwerte Tradition in Indien ist“ (Sidel 2001: 172) und erläutern diese Behauptung unter Bezug auf indische Spendenpraktiken nach hinduistischen, Mogul- (muslimischen), British-Raj- und gandhianischen Traditionen. Wir prüfen sodann den aufstrebenden Literaturbereich zum Thema unternehmerische Philanthropie, um zu erforschen, wie diese Traditionen verbunden mit modernen globalen Unternehmens- und Wirtschaftspraktiken eine besondere Form indischer unternehmerischer Philanthropie schaffen. Wir geben zwangsläufig auch einen Überblick über die wichtigsten Kritikpunkte. Dies ist für Personen von Interesse, die sich mit indischer Philanthropie und kulturell spezifischer Philanthropiewissenschaft beschäftigen.
Resumen
La filantropía corporativa en la India está en expansión, debido a una economía de rápido crecimiento, el aumento del número de millonarios y la reciente introducción de la legislación que exige gastar el 2 % de los beneficios de la empresa en responsabilidad social corporativa. Mediante el análisis de textos históricos y antropológicos claves, argumentamos que la “filantropía empresarial tiene una historia larga y honorable en la India” (Sidel 2001: 172), y explicamos esto con referencia a las prácticas de donación indias de las tradiciones hindú, mogol (musulmana), del Raj británico y gandhiana. Después pasamos a una revisión del campo emergente de material publicado sobre filantropía corporativa, para explorar cómo estas tradiciones se sintetizaron con las prácticas económicas y empresariales mundiales contemporáneas para crear una forma diferente de la filantropía corporativa india. Necesariamente incluimos también una descripción general de sus críticas destacadas. Esto será de interés para aquellos interesados en la filantropía india y para el estudio culturalmente específico de la filantropía.
摘要
由于印度经济快速增长,亿万富翁数量上升,且近期出台了要求公司利润的2 %必须用于企业社会责任的立法,印度企业慈善事业蓬勃发展。通过对关键的历史和人类学文本的分析,我们认为,“印度的企业慈善事业拥有悠久、光荣的历史”( 西得乐 2001年:172),这可能来源于印度莫卧儿(穆斯林)、英国统治和甘地传统形成的印度捐赠规则。下面,我们评论企业慈善的新兴文学领域,探讨这些传统如何与现代全球商业和经济规则综合发展,形成印度企业慈善事业的独特形式。我们也一定包括对其显著批评的概述。这对关心印度慈善事业的人员很有意义,属于慈善事业的文化特定学术范围。
ملخص
العمل الخيري للشركات في الهند مزدهر، نظرا” إلى إقتصاد سريع النمو، إرتفاع في عدد أصحاب المليارات، والبدء حديثا” في التشريعات التي تأمررسميا” بإنفاق2٪ من أرباح الشركة على المسؤولية الإجتماعية للشركات. من خلال تحليل النصوص التاريخية والأنثروبولوجية الرئيسية، فإننا نقول إن “ الأعمال التجارية لديها تاريخ طويل في العمل الخيري ومشرف في الهند” (Sidel 2001: 172، وشرح هذا مع الإشارة إلى ممارسات العطاء الهندية من الهندوسية، المغولي (مسلم)، الحكم البريطاني وتقاليد غاندي. ننتقل بعد ذلك إلى إستعراض المجال الناشئ من الأدب على العمل الخيري للشركات، لإكتشاف كيف يمكن لهذه التقاليد أن يتم توليفها مع الممارسات التجارية والإقتصادية العالمية المعاصرة لخلق شكل متميز من العمل الخيري للشركات الهندية. نشمل بالضرورة أيضا” لمحة عامة عن الإنتقادات البارزة. هذا سوف يكون ذو فائدة لمن يعنيهم الأمر مع العمل الخيري الهندي ومنحة دراسية محددة ثقافيا” للعمل الخيري.
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Notes
For official census data see http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/religion.aspx.
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Acknowledgments
The foundational review essay by Professor Mark Sidel, published in this journal in 2001, inspired this study. Sidel’s essay was the first international article to focus on illuminating studies of South Asian philanthropy and the non-profit sector for a global readership. While we have narrowed the focus to more specifically reflect the current authors’ research interests, we remain indebted to him for laying the foundation for, and offering generous encouragement to, the current study. Thanks also to Professor Jo Barraket, Dr. Christopher Mason, Dr. Michael Moran and Professor John Webb, who offered thoughtful comments on early drafts.
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Godfrey, J., Branigan, E. & Khan, S. Old and New Forms of Giving: Understanding Corporate Philanthropy in India. Voluntas 28, 672–696 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-016-9693-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-016-9693-4