Abstract
The development of the Internet services and applications and the trend in the fourth generation (4G) wireless networks to all-IP networks have led to a growing demand for enabling Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) to connect to the Internet and achieving the goal of omnipresence Internet which is accessible anytime and anywhere. However, such integration gives rise to a number of challenges. In this paper, an efficient framework which has considered six main challenges encountered in the MANET–Internet integration is proposed. An adaptive distributed multipath internet gateways discovery protocol is proposed, where the gateways advertise their information dynamically to an adaptive limited number of mobile nodes. For mobile nodes that cannot receive this information, an efficient dynamic routing algorithm for MANETs–Internet integration derived from the ant colony optimization algorithms is proposed. In addition, an improved Quality of Services based gateway selection mechanism providing load-balancing is proposed. The simulation study confirms that the proposed framework is scalable and able to cope with changes on the number and mobility of active sources connecting to the Internet and outperforms other conventional approaches in terms of end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio while attaining acceptable overhead and fair load distribution among all gateways.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Conti, M., & Giordano, S. (2014). Mobile ad hoc networking: milestones, challenges, and new research directions. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(1), 85–96.
Boukerche, A., Turgut, B., Aydin, N., Ahmad, M. Z., Boloni, L., & Turgut, D. (2011). Routing protocols in ad hoc networks: A survey. ScienceDirect, Computer Networks, 55, 3032–3080.
Kostin, A., Oz, G., & Haci, H. (2014). Performance study of a wireless mobile ad hoc network with orientation-dependent internode communication scheme. International Journal of Communication Systems, 27, 322–340.
Chen, J., Yuan, Z., & Wang, L. (2014). An apropos signal report and adaptive period (ASAP) scheme for fast handover in the fourth-generation wireless networks. ScienceDirect, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 45, 15–26.
Boudriga, N., Obaidat, M. S., & Zarai, F. (2008). Intelligent network functionalities in wireless 4G networks: Integration scheme and simulation analysis. ScienceDirect, Computer Communications, 31, 3752–3759.
Attia, R., Rizk, R., & Ali, H. A. (2015). Internet connectivity for mobile ad hoc network: A survey based study. Wireless Networks,. doi:10.1007/s11276-015-0922-3.
Fekri, M., & Shrikant, K. (2007). A survey of integrating IP mobility protocols and mobile ad hoc networks. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 9(1), 14.
Ruiz, P. M., Ros, F. J., & Gomez-Skarmeta, A. (2005). Internet connectivity for mobile ad hoc networks: Solutions and challenges. IEEE Communications Magazine, 43, 118–125.
Nordstrom, E., Gunningberg, P., & Tschudin, C. (2011). Robust and flexible Internet connectivity for mobile ad hoc networks. ScienceDirect, Ad Hoc Networks, 9, 1–15.
Wang, Y.-L., Song, M., Wei, Y.-F., Wang, Y.-H., & Wang, X.-J. (2014). Improved ant colony-based multi-constrained QoS energy-saving routing and throughput optimization in wireless Ad hoc networks. ScienceDirect, The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications, 21, 43–53.
Caria, D. C., & Godbole, V. V. (2013). New approach for routing in mobile ad-hoc networks based on ant colony optimisation with global positioning system. IET Networks, 2, 171–180.
Attia, R., Rizk, R., & Mariee, M. (2010). An ant inspired QoS routing algorithm for MANETs. The International Journal of Ad Hoc & Sensor Wireless Networks, 10(2–3), 111–134.
Sandoval, E. I., Galvan, C. E., & Galvan-Tejada, J. I. (2012). Multicast routing and interoperability between wired and wireless ad hoc network. ScienceDirect, Procedia Engineering, 35, 109–117.
Al-Surmi, I., Othman, M., & Ali, B. M. (2012). Mobility management for IP-based next generation mobile networks: Review, challenge and perspective. ScienceDirect, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 35, 295–315.
Domingo, M. C., & Remondo, D. (2008). QoS support between ad hoc networks and fixed IP networks. ScienceDirect, Computer Communications, 31, 2646–2655.
Hamidian, A., Korner, U., & Nilsson, A. (2005). Performance of internet access solutions in mobile ad hoc networks. In Springer’s lecture notes in computer science (LNCS), pp. 189–201.
Majumder, K., Ray, S., & Sarkar, S. K. (2011). Design and analysis of the gateway discovery approaches in MANET. High Performance Architecture and Grid Computing Communications in Computer and Information Science, 169, 397–405.
Shimizu, M., & Takami, K. (2014). Improving communication quality by considering route stability for inter-gateway mobile ad-hoc networks. In International conference on information and communication technology convergence (ICTC), pp. 142–147.
Majumder, S., & Asaduzzaman. (2014). A hybrid gateway discovery method for mobile ad hoc networks. In 3rd international conference on informatics, electronics & vision (ICIEV), pp. 1–6.
Palani, K., & Ramamoorthy, P. (2014) Performance evaluation of QoS based DSDV protocol using an integration approach for hybrid networks. In International conference on green computing communication and electrical engineering (ICGCCEE), pp. 1–6.
Yuste, A. J., Trivino, A., & Casilari, E. (2013). Type-2 fuzzy decision support system to optimise MANET integration into infrastructure-based wireless systems. ScienceDirect, Expert Systems with Applications, 40, 2552–2567.
Yuste, A. J., Trivino, A., Casilari, E., & Trujillo, F. D. (2011). Adaptive gateway discovery for mobile ad hoc networks based on the characterization of the link lifetime. IET Communications, 5, 2241–2249.
Lin, Z., Yuan-an, L., Kai-ming, L., Lin-bo, Z., & Ming, Y. (2010). An adaptive algorithm for connecting mobile ad hoc network to Internet with unidirectional links supported. ScienceDirect, The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications, 17, 44–49.
Javaid, U., Rasheed, T., Meddour, D.-E., & Ahmed, T. (2008). Adaptive distributed gateway discovery in hybrid wireless networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC), pp. 2735–2740.
Domingo, M. C., & Prior, R. (2007). An adaptive gateway discovery algorithm to support QoS when providing Internet access to mobile ad hoc networks. Journal of Networks, 2(2), 33–44.
Park, B.-N., Lee, W., & Lee, C. (2007). QoS-aware internet access schemes for wireless mobile ad hoc networks. ScienceDirect, Computer Communications, 30, 369–384.
Zhong, S., & Zhang, Y. (2013). How to select optimal gateway in multi-domain wireless networks: alternative solutions without learning. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 12, 5620–5630.
Bouk, S. H., Sasase, I., Ahmed, S. H., & Javaid, N. (2012). Gateway discovery algorithm based on multiple QoS path parameters between mobile node and gateway node. Journal of Communications and Networks, 14(4), 434.
Li, X., & Li, Z. (2010). A MANET accessing internet routing algorithm based on dynamic gateway adaptive selection. Frontiers of Computer Science in China, 4, 143–150.
Jaron, A., Pangalos, P., Mihailovic, A., & Aghvami, A. H. (2012). Proactive autonomic load uniformisation with mobility management for wireless internet protocol (IP) access networks. IET Networks, 1, 229–238.
Le-Trung, Q., Engelstad, P. E., Skeie, T., & Taherkordi, A. (2008). Load-balance of intra/inter-MANET traffic over multiple Internet gateways. In Proceedings of the 6th international conference on advances in mobile computing and multimedia, MOMM’08, pp. 50–57.
Wu, P., Cui, Y., Wu, J., Liu, J., & Metz, C. (2013). Transition from IPv4 to IPv6: A state-of-the-art survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 15(3), 1407.
Wang, X., & Qian, H. (2015). Dynamic and hierarchical IPv6 address configuration for a mobile ad hoc network. International Journal of Communication Systems, 28, 127–146.
Grajzer, M., Zernicki, T., & Glabowski, M. (2014). ND ++—An extended IPv6 neighbor discovery protocol for enhanced stateless address autoconfiguration in MANETs. International Journal of Communication Systems, 27, 2269–2288.
Wang, X., & Qian, H. (2014). A tree-based address configuration for a MANET. ScienceDirect, Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 12, 122–137.
Yonghang, Y., Linlin, C., Chengping, T., & Hui, Z. (2012). A novel IP address auto-configuration scheme for MANET with multiple gateways. In Proceedings of the 8th international conference on wireless communications, networking, and mobile computing (WiCOM), pp. 1–6.
Ancillotti, E., Bruno, R., Conti, M., & Pinizzotto, A. (2009). Dynamic address autoconfiguration in hybrid ad hoc networks. ScienceDirect, Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 5, 300–317.
Kim, D., Jeong, H.-J., Toh, C. K., & Oh, S. (2009). Passive duplicate address-detection schemes for on-demand routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 58(7), 3558.
Cui, Y., Dong, J., Wu, P., Wu, J., Metz, C., Lee, Y. L., & Durand, A. (2013). Tunnel-based IPv6 transition. IEEE Internet Computing, 17, 62–68.
Xiaonan, W., & Shan, Z. (2014). Research on mobility handover for IPv6-based MANET. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 25, 679–691.
Ding, S. (2009). Mobile IP handoffs among multiple Internet gateways in mobile ad hoc networks. IET Communications, 3, 752–763.
Tsumochit, J., Masaymatt, K., Ueharat, H., & Yokoymat, M. (2003). Impact of mobility metric on routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. In Proceedings of IEEE pacific rim conference on communications, computers and signal processing (PACRIM), vol. 1, pp. 322–325.
Abramovici, A., & Chapsky, J. (2000). Feedback control systems: A fast-track guide for scientists and engineers. New York: Springer.
Venkata Rao, R. (2007). Decision making in the manufacturing environment using graph theory and fuzzy multiple attribute decision making methods. New York: Springer.
The network simulator—NS-2, http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/.
Camp, T., Boleng, J., & Davies, V. (2002). A survey of mobility models for ad hoc network research. Wireless Communications & Mobile Computing (WCMC): Special issue on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking: Research, Trends and Applications, 2(5), 483–502.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Attia, R., Rizk, R. & Arafat Ali, H. Efficient Internet Access Framework for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Wireless Pers Commun 84, 1689–1722 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-015-2600-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-015-2600-2