Zusammenfassung
Angesichts der gestiegenen Bedeutung von gewerblichen Schutzrechten sowie der Abschaffung des Hochschullehrerprivilegs in vielen Ländern sind Universitäten zunehmend an der Anmeldung der Erfindungen ihrer Wissenschaftler als akademische Patente interessiert. Das kann vielfältige Auswirkungen auf Forschung, Lehre und Administration an einer Universität haben. Dieser Literaturüberblick führt in das Thema ein, integriert bisherige Untersuchungen zu solchen Implikationen zu einem Gesamtbild und zeigt dabei Komplementaritäten, aber auch Widersprüche auf. Er kann damit Ausgangspunkt für weiterführende Arbeiten sein, die sich mit betriebswirtschaftlichen Forschungsfragen, etwa zur Etablierung von Technologietransferbüros oder der Schaffung von effektiven Anreizstrukturen für die beteiligten Akteure, beschäftigen.
Abstract
Given the increasing relevance of intellectual property rights as well as the abolition of the professors’ privilege in many countries, universities are becoming more interested in filing the inventions of their scientists as academic patents. This may have various implications on research, teaching, and/or administration at universities. The literature review at hand provides an introduction to the field, combines previous studies to create an overall picture, and discusses both complementarities and disagreements between these works. It may thus serve as an entry point for further research on managerial issues such as the establishment of technology transfer offices or the setting up of effective incentive structures for stakeholders.
Notes
Da eine geschlechtergerechte Parallelformulierung (“Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler”) den Lesefluss stört, wird im Weiteren das gebräuchliche generische Maskulinum verwendet. Für eine Diskussion möglicher Unterschiede zwischen Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern beim Patentieren vgl. Ding et al. (2006) oder Azoulay et al. (2007).
Unter “akademischen Patenten” werden im Folgenden Patente verstanden, in denen zumindest ein Wissenschaftler, der zum Zeitpunkt der Erfindung an einer Hochschule beschäftigt war, als Erfinder genannt ist, und zwar unabhängig davon, ob ein Patent teilweise oder ganz dem/den Wissenschaftler/n, einem Unternehmen, der Hochschule oder einer anderen Forschungseinrichtung bzw. Organisation gehört (analog zur Definition von u.a. Dornbusch et al. 2013).
Als Suchbegriffe wurden “Akademische Patente”, “Technologietransfer”, “Technologietransferzentrum”, “Hochschullehrerprivileg”, “academic patent”, “technology transfer”, “technology transfer office” sowie “Bayh–Dole Act”, in Abwandlungen, alleine oder in Kombination miteinander bzw. mit dem Begriff “Universität” resp. “university”, verwendet.
Dabei zeigt sich übrigens, dass mitunter nicht alle Autoren aus den Journalpublikationen auch als Erfinder in den zugrunde liegenden Patentschriften aufscheinen (vgl. dazu die Studien von Ducor 2000, Haeussler und Sauermann 2013 und Lissoni et al. 2013a), was Auswirkungen haben wird, wenn erfolgreiche Patentanmeldungen vergleichbares Renommee bringen sollten wie Publikationserfolge.
Darunter werden im Folgenden alle Organisationseinheiten für Zwecke des Technologietransfers—insbesondere, wenn sie sich um akademische Patente kümmern—subsumiert (etwa Technologietransferstellen u.a.m.). In Anlehnung an das “Technology Transfer Office” aus dem englischen Sprachgebrauch wird das in der Literatur gebräuchliche Kürzel “TTO” genutzt.
Aus einem Vortrag von Bercovitz am Workshop “Beyond spillovers? Channels and effects of knowledge transfer from universities” an der Universität Kassel, bei dem sie auch von Interviews mit TTO-Mitarbeitern an US-Universitäten berichtet hat.
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Acknowledgments
Inspiriert worden ist die Themenstellung dieses Beitrags insbesondere durch die Zusammenarbeit mit Kollegen aus vierzehn Ländern im Rahmen des Research Network Programme “Academic Patenting in Europe (APE-INV)” der European Science Foundation (ESF), zu dessen Finanzierung auch der Fonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (FWF) beigetragen hat. Für wertvolle inhaltliche Anregungen zur Überarbeitung des Beitrags sind wir zudem zwei anonymen Gutachtern zu Dank verpflichtet. Schließlich danken wir Martina Darkow für die Unterstützung bei der Suche nach noch verbliebenen Austriazismen.
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Backs, S., Stummer, C. Akademische Patente und ihre Auswirkungen auf Forschung, Lehre und Administration an Universitäten. Manag Rev Q 65, 35–68 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-014-0107-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-014-0107-7