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Chemotaxonomy of fungi in the Rhizoctonia solani species complex performing GC/MS metabolite profiling

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Abstract

Hyphal anastomosis testing and molecular methods have been the primary criteria employed to understand the evolutionary and taxonomic relationships of the soil-borne fungal plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani species complex. In this study, a metabolomics-based approach for characterizing and identifying isolates of R. solani using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) metabolite profiling and footprinting was developed. Multivariate and hierarchical cluster analyses of GC/MS data provided resolution of isolates belonging to anastomosis groups (AGs) 1–6, 9, and 10 of R. solani. Clustering of R. solani AG-3 isolates, based on host origin, was also observed and attributed to metabolite-biomarkers belonging to amino, carboxylic and fatty acids. The chemotaxonomic approach using metabolomics is a high-throughput methodology that complements existing molecular approaches for the taxonomic investigation of Rhizoctonia isolates and monitoring of fungal metabolism.

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Acknowledgments

Funding was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) discovery Grant to S. Jabaji.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Rd., Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada

    Konstantinos A. Aliferis & Suha Jabaji

  2. Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, P. O. Box 7616, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7616, USA

    Marc A. Cubeta

Authors
  1. Konstantinos A. Aliferis
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  2. Marc A. Cubeta
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  3. Suha Jabaji
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Correspondence to Suha Jabaji.

Electronic supplementary material

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11306_2011_340_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Supplementary Fig. 1 Representative GC/MS total ion chromatograms of metabolite profiles of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis groups (AGs) (TIFF 2985 kb)

11306_2011_340_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Supplementary Fig. 2 Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) PC1/PC2 score plot (a) and corresponding OPLS-dendrogram (b) for R. solani AG-1 subgroups 1A and 1C. Metabolites contributing to the observed separation are displayed in the PLS coefficient plots (c) with values of scaled and centered PLS regression coefficients (CoeffCS) for the selected Y variables. The most influential variables to the observed separation are displayed with 95% jack-knifed confidence intervals. The ellipse in the score plots represents the Hotelling T2 with 95% confidence interval. Cluster distances of OPLS-dendrograms were calculated using the Ward’s method (TIFF 1175 kb)

11306_2011_340_MOESM3_ESM.tif

Supplementary Fig. 3 Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) PC1/PC2 score plot (a) and corresponding OPLS-dendrogram (b) for R. solani AG-2 subgroups 2IIIB and 2IV. Metabolites contributing to the observed separation are displayed in the PLS coefficient plots (c) with values of scaled and centered PLS regression coefficients (CoeffCS) for the selected Y variables. The most influential variables to the observed separation are displayed with 95% jack-knifed confidence intervals. The ellipse in the score plots represents the Hotelling T2 with 95% confidence interval. Cluster distances of OPLS-dendrograms were calculated using the Ward’s method (TIFF 1239 kb)

11306_2011_340_MOESM4_ESM.tif

Supplementary Fig. 4 Representative GC/MS total ion chromatograms of metabolite profiles of R. solani AG-3 isolates (TIFF 3158 kb)

11306_2011_340_MOESM5_ESM.tif

Supplementary Fig. 5 OPLS-dendrograms for the prediction of R. solani AG-3 isolates based on the host. The isolates SJH-12 (a), ST-41 (b), DP-216 (c), QSU-028 (d), and RS-138 (e) were correctly classified by the model as potato isolates, whereas Bs-69 (f) was incorrectly classified as a tomato isolate. Isolates T1 (g) and T2 (h) isolates were correctly classified as tobacco isolates when used for validation. Cluster distances were calculated using the Ward’s method (TIFF 1527 kb)

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Aliferis, K.A., Cubeta, M.A. & Jabaji, S. Chemotaxonomy of fungi in the Rhizoctonia solani species complex performing GC/MS metabolite profiling. Metabolomics 9 (Suppl 1), 159–169 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-011-0340-1

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