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Risk exposure assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water and atmosphere in central eastern China

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Abstract

We examined per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in air from eight cities, and in water from six drinking-water treatment plants (DWTPs), in central eastern China. We analyzed raw and treated water samples from the DWTPs for 17 ionic PFASs with high-performance liquid chromatography/negative-electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/(–)ESI-MS/MS), and analyzed the gas and particle phases of atmospheric samples for 12 neutral PFASs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) were the dominant compounds in drinking water, and fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) dominated in atmospheric samples. Of all the compounds in the treated water samples, the concentration of PFOA, at 51.0 ng L−1, was the highest. Conventional treatments such as coagulation (COA), flocculation (FOC), sedimentation (SED), and sand filtration (SAF) did not remove PFASs. Advanced treatments, however, including ultrafiltration (UF) and activated carbon (AC), removed the majority of PFASs except for shorter-chain PFASs such as perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPA). We also investigated human exposure to PFASs via drinking water and the atmosphere and found that the mean daily intake of PFASs was 0.43 ng kg−1 day−1.

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  • 05 March 2018

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Funding

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41406213, 41376189, 41776202) and the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Program (Grant No. CHINARE2016-02-01).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China

    Zhibo Lu, Rong Lu, Hongyuan Zheng, Jing Yan, Luning Song, Juan Wang & Haizhen Yang

  2. State Key Laboratory on Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China

    Zhibo Lu, Rong Lu, Hongyuan Zheng, Jing Yan, Luning Song, Juan Wang & Haizhen Yang

  3. SOA Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China

    Hongyuan Zheng & Minghong Cai

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  1. Zhibo Lu
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Correspondence to Minghong Cai.

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Responsible editor: Roland Peter Kallenborn

The original publication of this paper contains a mistake. The correct presentation of the 7th Author is shown in this paper.

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Lu, Z., Lu, R., Zheng, H. et al. Risk exposure assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water and atmosphere in central eastern China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 9311–9320 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0950-x

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