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Lichen Parmelia sulcata mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles: an eco-friendly tool against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti

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Abstract

The gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized using the lichen Parmelia sulcata extract (PSE) and characterized. The peaks of ultraviolet spectrophotometer and Fourier transmission infrared confirmed the formation of nanoparticles and the bioactive compounds of the lichen being responsible for reducing and capping of the particles. The face-centered cubic particles were determined by XRD peaks at 111, 200, 220, and 311. The elemental composition and spherical shape of AuNPs were confirmed by energy-dispersive spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The average particle size is 54 nm, and the zeta potential − 18 was ascertained by dynamic light scattering. The potential effect of synthesized nanoparticles and lichen extracts was evaluated for antioxidant bioassays like DPPH and H2O2 and tested for mosquitocidal activity against Anopheles stephensi. Results showed that the lichen extract and AuNPs have the capability to scavenge the free radicals with the IC50 values of DPPH being 1020 and 815 μg/ml and the IC50 values of H2O2 being 694 and 510 μg/ml, respectively. The mosquitocidal experimental results in this study showed the inhibition of A. stephensi and A. aegypti against the larvae (I–IV instar), pupae, adult, and egg hatching. On comparison, A. stephensi showed effective inhibition than A. aegypti even at low concentration. Based on the obtained results, gold nanoparticles synthesized using PSE showed an excellent mosquitocidal effect against Anopheles stephensi.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nano and Energy Biosciences Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632115, India

    Arumugam Dhanesh Gandhi & Ranganathan Babujanarthanam

  2. Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, India

    Kadarkarai Murugan

  3. Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 115, India

    Kadarkarai Murugan

  4. Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517502, India

    Katike Umamahesh

  5. Department of Biochemistry, K.M.G. College of Arts and Science, Gudiyattam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 635803, India

    Purushothaman Kavitha

  6. Environmental Molecular and Microbiology Research Laboratory (EMMR), Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, 632115, India

    Adikesavan Selvi

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Gandhi, A.D., Murugan, K., Umamahesh, K. et al. Lichen Parmelia sulcata mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles: an eco-friendly tool against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 23886–23898 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05726-6

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