Abstract
Eutrophication is one of the causes of the degradation of reefs worldwide. The aim of this research is to determine if sewage discharge reaches the fore reefs at northwest of Cuba using δ15N in tissues of the octocorals Eunicea flexuosa and Plexaura kuekenthali and the concentration of microbiological and physical-chemical variables. Thirteen reefs at 10-m depth were selected near river basins and far from the urban and industrial development of Havana City. Branch tips of both species were collected, the concentrations of nutrient and microorganisms in water samples were quantified, and horizontal visibility in the water (Vis) was determined. Overall, δ15N of E. flexuosa ranged from 1.5 to 6.3‰ and P. kuekenthali from 1.7 to 6.7‰. The tissue of both species was significantly enriched in 15N in reefs near polluted watersheds compared with reefs far from pollution by anthropogenic activities. The δ15N of both species showed a positive and significant correlation with the concentration of fecal and total coliform bacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, and NH4+ and a negative and significant correlation with the Vis. The δ15N of the two species and microbiological and physical-chemical variables evidenced water quality decline by sewage discharge that reached reefs near polluted watersheds.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aguilar C, González-Sansón G, Munkittrick K, MacLatchy DL (2004) Fish assemblages on fringe coral reefs of the northern coast of Cuba near Havana Harbour. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 58(1):126–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-6513(03)00104-0
Anderson MJ, Gorley RN, Clarke KR (2008) PERMANOVA + for PRIMER: guide to software and statistical methods. PRIMER-E, Plymounth 214 p
APHA (1998) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington DC 1270 p
Armenteros M, Perez-Angulo A, Regadera R, Beltrán J, Vincx M, Decraemer W (2009) Effects of chronic and heavy pollution on macro and meiobenthos of Havana bay, Cuba. Rev Investig Mar 30(3):203–214
Arriaza L, Hernández M, Lorenzo S, Olivera J, Rodas L, Montesino D, Carrillo Y, Almeida I, Simanca J, Padrón JN (2012) Modeling of marine currents around Cuban western region. Ser Oceanol 1(10):11–22
Baisre JA (2018) An overview of Cuban comercial marine fisheries: the last 80 years. Bull Mar Sci 94(2):359–375. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2017.1015
Baker D, Jordán-Dahlgren E, Maldonado MA, Harvell CD (2010) Sea fan corals provide a stable isotope baseline for assessing sewage pollution in the Mexican Caribbean. Limnol Oceanogr 55(5):2139–2149. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2010.55.5.2139
Baker D, Kim K, Andras JP, Sparks JP (2011) Light-mediated 15N fractionation in Caribbean gorgonian octocorals: implications for pollution monitoring. Coral Reefs 30(3):709–717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-011-0759-x
Baker DM, Rodríguez-Martínez RE, Fogel ML (2013) Tourism’s nitrogen footprint on a Mesoamerican coral reef. Coral Reefs 32(3):691–699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-013-1040-2
Baker DM, Murdoch TJT, Conti-Jerpe I, Fogel M (2017) Investigating Bermuda’s pollution history through stable isotope analyses of modern and museum-held gorgonian corals. Mar Pollut Bull 114(1):169–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.069
Bateman AS, Kelly SD (2007) Fertilizer nitrogen isotope signatures. Isot Environ Health Stud 43(3):237–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/10256010701550732
Bell PRF (1992) Small scale and large scale eutrophication of coral reef regions-examples in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and Caribbean. Abstract: 344 p. In: Richmond RH (ed) Proceeding of the Seventh International Coral Reef Symposium, Guam, vol. 1. University of Guam Press, Mangilao
Beltrán J, Pérez M (2009) Control y evolución de la calidad ambiental de la Bahía de La Habana. Informe final del Centro de Ingeniería y Manejo Ambiental de Bahías y Costas (CIMAB). 61 p
Beltrán J, Pérez M, Gómez Y (2010) Control de la calidad ambiental de las aguas del litoral de Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba”. Plan de Vigilancia y Monitoreo. Delegación Provincial de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Ciudad de La Habana. Informe final del Centro de Ingeniería y Manejo Ambiental de Bahías y Costas (CIMAB). 28 p
Beltrán J, Pérez M, Gómez Y, Regadera R (2011) Control y evolución de la calidad ambiental de la Bahía de La Habana y el litoral adyacente. Informe final del Centro de Ingeniería y Manejo Ambiental de Bahías y Costas (CIMAB). 73 p
Beltrán J, Pérez M, Gómez Y, Regadera R (2012) Control y evolución de la calidad ambiental de la Bahía de La Habana y el litoral adyacente. Informe final del Centro de Ingeniería y Manejo Ambiental de Bahías y Costas (CIMAB) 58 p
Beltrán J, Pérez M, Gómez Y, Regadera R, Rodríguez R (2013) Control y evolución de la calidad ambiental de la Bahía de La Habana y el litoral adyacente. Informe final del Centro de Ingeniería y Manejo Ambiental de Bahías y Costas (CIMAB). 81 p
Beltrán J, Pérez M, Gómez Y, Regadera R (2014) Control y evolución de la calidad ambiental de la Bahía de La Habana y el litoral adyacente. Informe final del Centro de Ingeniería y Manejo Ambiental de Bahías y Costas (CIMAB). 61 p
Beltrán J, Pérez M, Gómez Y, Martínez M, Regadera R (2015) Control y evolución de la calidad ambiental de la Bahía de La Habana y el litoral adyacente. Informe final del Centro de Ingeniería y Manejo Ambiental de Bahías y Costas (CIMAB). 80 p
Beltrán J, Pérez M, Gómez Y (2016) Control y evolución de la calidad ambiental de la Bahía de La Habana y el litoral adyacente. Informe final del Centro de Ingeniería y Manejo Ambiental de Bahías y Costas (CIMAB). 65 p
Beltrán J, Pérez M, Gómez Y (2017) Control y evolución de la calidad ambiental de la Bahía de La Habana y el litoral adyacente. Informe final del Centro de Ingeniería y Manejo Ambiental de Bahías y Costas (CIMAB). 92 p
Cano M (2008) Bases biológicas de Ulva fasciata Delile (Chlorophyta) para su posible explotación, al oeste de La Habana, Cuba. Tesis presentada en opción al grado científico de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas. Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana. 103 p
Carlson RR, Foo SA, Asner GP (2019) Land use impacts on coral reef health: a ridge-to-reef perspective. Front Mar Sci 6(562):1–19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00562
Castellanos-Iglesias S, Caroline AC, Martins CC, Di Domenico M, Rocha RM, Haddad MA (2018) Organic contamination as a driver of structural changes of hydroid’s assemblages of the coral reefs near to Havana Harbour, Cuba. Mar Pollut Bull 133:568–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.003
Centella A, Lapinel B, Solano O, Vázquez R, Fonseca C, Cutié V, Baéz R, González S, Sille J, Rosario P, Duarte L (2006) La sequía meteorológica y agrícola en la República de Cuba y la República Dominicana. Programa de Desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas (PNUD), La Habana, Cuba. 172 p
Clarke KR, Warwick RM (2001) Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation, 2nd edn. PRIMER-E, Plymouth 168 p
Costanzo SD, O’Donohue MJ, Dennison WC, Loneragan NR, Thomas M (2001) A new aproach for detecting and mapping sewage impacts. Mar Pollut Bull 42(2):149–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00125-9
D’Angelo C, Wiedenmann J (2014) Impacts of nutrient enrichment on coral reefs: new perspectives and implications for coastal management and reef survival. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 7:82–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.11.029
Duprey NN, Wang TX, Kim T, Cybulski JD, Vonhof HB, Crutzen PJ, Haug GH, Sigman DM, Martínez-García A, Baker DM (2020) Megacity development and the demise of coastal coral communities: evidence from coral skeleton δ15N records in the Pearl River estuary. Glob Chang Biol 26:1338–1353. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14923
Duran A, Shantz A, Burkepile DE, Collado-Vides L, Ferrer VM, Palma L, Ramos A, Gonzalez-Díaz SP (2018) Fishing, pollution, climate change, and the long-term decline of coral reefs off Havana, Cuba. Bull Mar Sci 94(2):213–228. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2017.1061
Fabricius K (2005) Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs: review and synthesis. Mar Pollut Bull 50:125–146
Fabricius K, McCorry D (2006) Changes in octocoral communities and benthic cover along a water quality gradient in the reefs of Hong Kong. Mar Pollut Bull 52(1):22–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.08.004
Fabricius K, Logan M, Weeks S, Brodie J (2014) The effects of river run-off on water clarity across the central Great Barrier Reef. Mar Pollut Bull 84(1–2):191–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.012
FAO (1975) Manual of methods in aquatic environmetal research. Part 1: methods for detection and monitoring of water pollution. FAO, Rome, Italy, pp 137–237
Fernández MCM, Álvarez AA, Espigares MG (2001) Transmisión fecohídrica y virus de la hepatitis a. Higiene y Sanidad Ambiental 1:8–18
Fogel ML, Paerl HW (1993) Isotopic tracers of nitrogen from atmospheric deposition to coastal waters. Chem Geol 107(3–4):233–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90181-H
Furnas MJ (1991) Nutrient status and trends in waters of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. In: Yellowlees D (ed) Land uses, patterns and nutrient loadings of the Great Barrier Reef Region. James Cook University, Townsville, pp 162–179
Galford GL, Fernandez M, Roman J, Monasterolo I, Ahamed S, Fiske G, González-Díaz P, Kaufman L (2018) Cuban land use and conservation, from rainforests to coral reefs. Bull Mar Sci 94(2):171–191. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2017.1026
Gómez Y, Pérez M, Beltrán J (2012) Control de la calidad ambiental de las aguas del litoral de la Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba”. Plan de Vigilancia y Monitoreo, 2011. Delegación Provincial de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Ciudad de La Habana. Informe final del Centro de Ingeniería y Manejo Ambiental de Bahías y Costas (Cimab). 48 p
Gómez Y, Beltrán J, Pérez M (2013) Control de la calidad ambiental de las aguas del litoral de Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba”. Plan de Vigilancia y Monitoreo, 2013. Delegación Provincial de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, La Habana Informe final del Centro de Ingeniería y Manejo Ambiental de Bahías y Costas (Cimab) 44 pp.
Gómez Y, Beltrán J, Pérez M (2016) Control de la calidad ambiental de las aguas del litoral de Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. Plan de Vigilancia y Monitoreo, año 2015. Delegación Provincial de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Ciudad de La Habana Informe final del Centro de Ingeniería y Manejo Ambiental de Bahías y Costas (CIMAB) 44 p
González-Díaz P, González-Sansón G, Aguilar-Betancourt C, Álvarez-Fernández S, Perera-Pérez O, Hernández-Fernández L, Ferrer-Rodríguez VM, Cabrales YC, Armenteros M, Guardia E (2018) Status of Cuban coral reefs. Bull Mar Sci 94(2):229–247. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2017.1035
González-Sansón G, Aguilar C (2004) Los ecosistemas marinos de la región noroccidental de Cuba. En: Diagnóstico ambiental del Golfo de México (M. Caso, I. Pisanty, E. Ezcurra, eds.), Instituto Nacional de Ecología (Ine-Semarnat), DF, México. 626 p
Groombridge B, Jenkins MD (2002) World atlas of biodiversity: Earth’s living resources in the 21st century. University of California Prees, Berkeley
Halpern BS, Walbridge S, Selkoe KA, Kappel CV, Micheli F, D’Agrosa C, Bruno JF, Casey KS, Ebert C, Fox HE, Fujita R, Heinemann D, Lenihan HS, Madin EMP, Perry MT, Selig ER, Spalding M, Steneck R, Watson R (2008) A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Sci 319(5865):948–952
Heaton THE (1986) Isotopic studies of nitrogen pollution in the hydrosphere and atmosphere: a review. Chem Geol 59:87–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9622(86)90059-X
Heikoop JM, Dunn JJ, Risk MJ, Sandemand IM, Schwarcz HP, Waltho N (1998) Relationship between light and the δ15N of coral tissue: examples from Jamaica and Zanzibar. Limnol Oceanogr 43:909–920
Heikoop JM, Risk MJ, Lazier AV, Edinger EN, Jompa J, Limmon GV, Dunn JJ, Browne DR, Schwarcz HP (2000) Nitrogen-15 signals of anthropogenic nutrient loading in reef corals. Mar Pollut Bull 40:628–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00006-0
Hernández-Delgado EA, Sandoz B, Bonkosky M, Norat-Ramírez J, Mattei H (2008) Impacts of non-point source sewage pollution on Elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata (Lamarck), assemblages of the southwestern Puerto Rico shelf. Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. 747-751pp
Herrera A, Alcolado PM (1983) Efectos de la contaminación sobre las comunidades de octocorales al oeste de la Bahía de La Habana. Cien Biol 10:69–85
IOC-UNESCO (1983) Chemical methods for use in marine environmental monitoring. Manual and Guides 12, 53 p
IOC-UNESCO (1993) Nutrient analysis in tropical marine waters. Manual and guides 33, 45 p
Katz BG, Griffin DW, McMahon PB, Harden HS, Wade E, Hicks RW, Chanton JP (2010) Fate of effluent-borne contaminants beneath septic tank drainfield overlying a karst aquifer. J Environ Qual 39(4):1181–1195. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2009.0244
Lachs L, Johari NAM, Quang DL, Safuan CDM, Duprey NN, Tanaka K, Hong TC, Ory NG, Bachok Z, Baker DM, Kochzius M, Shirai K (2019) Effects of tourism-derived sewage on coral reefs: isotopic assessments identify effective bioindicators. Mar Pollut Bull 148:85–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.059
Lapointe BE (1997) Nutrient thresholds for bottom-up control of macroalgal blooms on coral reefs in Jamaica and Southeast Florida. Limmol Oceanogr 42(5, part 2):1119–1131. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1119
Lapointe BE, Barile PJ, Matzie WR (2004) Anthropogenic nutrient enrichment of seagrass and coral reef communities in the Lower Florida Keys: discrimination of local versus regional nitrogen sources. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 308(1):23–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2004.01.019
Lapointe BE, Barile PJ, Littler MM, Littler DS, Bedford BJ, Gasque C (2005) Macroalgal blooms on Southeast Florida coral reefs: I. nutrient stoichiometry of the invasive green alga Codium isthmocladum in the wider Caribbean indicates nutrient enrichment. Harmful Algae 4(6):1092–1105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2005.06.004
Lapointe BE, Thacker K, Hanson C, Getten L (2011) Sewage pollution in Negril, Jamaica: effects on nutrition and ecology of coral reef macroalgae. Chin J Oceanol Limnol 29(4):775–789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-011-0506-8
Lapointe BE, Herren LW, Paule AL (2017) Septic systems contribute to nutrient pollution and harmful algal blooms in the St. Lucie Estuary, Southeast Florida, USA. Harmful Algae 70:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2017.09.005
Lapointe BE, Brewton RA, Herren LW, Porter JW, Hu C (2019) Nitrogen enrichment, altered stoichiometry, and coral reef decline at Looe Key, Florida Keys, USA: a 3-decade study. Mar Biol 166:108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-019-3538-9
Marion GS, Dunbar RB, Mucciarone DA, Kremer JN, Lansing JS, Arthawiguna A (2005) Coral skeletal δ15N reveals isotopic traces of an agricultural revolution. Mar Pollut Bull 50(9):931–944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.04.001
Martins CC, Castellanos-Iglesias S, Caroline AC, Camara de Souza A, Aliceda MF, Pereira TA (2018) Hydrocarbon and sewage contamination near fringing reefs along the west coast of Havana, Cuba: a multiple sedimentary molecular marker approach. Mar Pollut Bull 136:38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.031
McClelland JW, Valiela I (1998) Linking nitrogen in estuarine producers to land-derived sources. Limnol Oceanogr 43(4):577–585. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1998.43.4.0577
McClelland JW, Valiela I, Michener RH (1997) Nitrogen-stable isotope signatures in estuarine food webs: a record of increasing urbanization in coastal watersheds. Limnol Oceanogr 42:930–937. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1997.42.5.0930
Miravet ME, Lugioyo M, Loza S, Lavandera DE, Delgado Y, Carmenate M, Pérez DM (2009a) Procedimientos para el monitoreo de la calidad ambiental en la zona marino costera a partir de microorganismos. Departamento de Microbiología-Necton, Instituto de Oceanología, CITMA, La Habana, Cuba. 95 p
Miravet ME, Lugioyo MG, Rodríguez FA (2009b) Índice microbiológico para evaluar el estado trófico de las aguas de la plataforma SW cubana. Rev Cuba Investig Pesq 26(1):31–36
Moynihan M, Baker D, Mmochi A (2012) Isotopic and microbial indicators of sewage pollution from Stone Town, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Mar Pollut Bull 64(7):1348–1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.05.001
Mutchler T, Dunton KH, Townsend-Small A, Fredriksen S, Rasser MK (2007) Isotopic and elemental indicators of nutrient sources and status of coastal habitats in the Caribbean Sea, Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 74(3):449–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.04.005
Norma Cubana NC 22 (1999) Sistema de normas para la protección del medio ambiente. Hidrósfera. Lugares de baño en costas y en masas de aguas interiores. Requisitos higiénicos-sanitarios. Oficina Nacional de Normalización, La Habana, Cuba. 11 p
Norma Cubana NC 25 (1999) Sistema de normas para la protección del medio ambiente. Hidrósfera. Evaluación de objetos hídricos de uso pesquero. Oficina Nacional de Normalización, La Habana, Cuba. 11 p
Olivares-Rieumont S, De la Lanza D, Lima L, Graham DW, D’Alessandro K, Borroto J, Martínez F, Sánchez J (2005) Assessment of heavy metal levels in Almendares River sediments Havana City, Cuba. Water Res 39(16):3945–3953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2005.07.011
Pérez M, Beltrán J, Gómez Y (2010) Control de la calidad ambiental de las aguas de la zona de Playas del Este de la Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. Plan de Vigilancia y Monitoreo. Año 2009. Delegación Provincial de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Ciudad de La Habana. Informe final del Centro de Ingeniería y Manejo Ambiental de Bahías y Costas (Cimab). 38 p
Pérez M, Beltrán J, Gómez Y (2012) Control de la calidad ambiental de las aguas de la zona de Playas del Este de la Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. Plan de Vigilancia y Monitoreo. Año 2011. Delegación Provincial de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Ciudad de La Habana. Informe final del Centro de Ingeniería y Manejo Ambiental de Bahías y Costas (Cimab). 40 p
Pérez M, Beltrán J, Gómez Y (2013) Control de la calidad ambiental de las aguas de la zona de Playas del Este de la Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. Plan de Vigilancia y Monitoreo. Año 2013. Delegación Provincial de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Ciudad de La Habana. Informe final del Centro de Ingeniería y Manejo Ambiental de Bahías y Costas (Cimab). 39 p
Pérez M, Beltrán J, Gómez Y (2016) Control de la calidad ambiental de las aguas de la zona de Playas del Este de la Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. Plan de Vigilancia y Monitoreo. Año 2015. Delegación Provincial de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Ciudad de La Habana Informe final del Centro de Ingeniería y Manejo Ambiental de Bahías y Costas (Cimab) 41 p
Planos EOG, Rivero RV, Guevara VV (2012) Impacto del Cambio Climático y Medidas de Adaptación en Cuba. Segunda Comunicación Nacional de Cuba al Convenio Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático, La Habana, Cuba. 520 p
Prescott L, Harley J, Klein D (1996) Microbiología. McGraw-Hill, Madrid, España
Rey-Villiers N, Sánchez A, Caballero-Aragón H, González-Díaz P (2020) Spatio temporal variation in octocoral assemblages along a water quality gradient in the northwestern region of Cuba. Mar Pollut Bull 153:110981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110981
Risk MJ (2002) Reef management in the 21st century: effective monitoring and legislative guidelines for land-based sources. In: Brooks S, Spencer T, Teleki K, Taylor M (eds) International Society of Reef Studies (ISRS), European meeting, Cambridge. Abstracts volume, p 82
Risk J (2014) Assessing the effects of sediments and nutrients on coral reefs. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 7:108–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2014.01.003
Risk MJ, Lapointe BE, Sherwood OA, Bedford BJ (2009) The use of δ15N in assessing sewage stress on coral reefs. Mar Pollut Bull 58(6):793–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.02.008
Risk MJ, Burchell M, Brunton DA, McCordd MR (2014) Health of the coral reefs at the US Navy Base, Guantánamo Bay, Cuba: a preliminary report based on isotopic records from gorgonians. Mar Pollut Bull 83(1):282–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.03.026
Rodas L, Cerdeira S, Areces AJ, Montalvo JF, Loza S, del Valle R, Delgado Y (2004) Calidad Ambiental de la Zona Costera al Oeste de La Habana. Informe Final. Instituto de Oceanología. 66 p
Rogers CS, Garrison G, Grober R, Hillis ZM, Franke MA (2001) Manual para el monitoreo de arrecifes de coral en el Caribe y el Atlántico Occidental. TNC y WWF, Islas Virgenes, EU. 49 p
Sammarco PW, Risk MJ, Schwarcz HP, Heikoop JM (1999) Cross continental shelf trends in coral δ15N on the Great Barrier Reef: further consideration of the reef nutrient paradox. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 180:131–138 https://www.jstor.org/stable/24852096
Sánchez A, Ortiz-Hernández MC, Talavera-Sáenz A, Aguíñiga-García S (2013) Stable nitrogen isotopes in the turtle grass Thalassia testudinum from the Mexican Caribbean: implications of anthropogenic development. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 135:86–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.01.021
Sende VMO, Potrillé FT (2012) Caracterización de las fuentes contaminantes de las cuencas de los ríos Cojímar y Guanabo. Programa Territorial: Gestión Ambiental para el Desarrollo Sostenible. Delegación Provincial de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Ciudad de La Habana. Informe final del Centro de Ingeniería y Manejo Ambiental de Bahías y Costas (CIMAB). 68 p
Sherwood OA, Lapointe BE, Risk MJ, Jamieson RE (2010) Nitrogen isotopic records of terrestrial pollution encoded in Floridian and Bahamian gorgonian corals. Environ Sci Technol 44(3):874–880. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9018404
Vander Zanden MJ, Vadeboncoeur Y, Diebel MW, Jeppesen E (2005) Primary consumer stable nitrogen isotopes as indicators of nutrient source. Environ Sci Technol 39(19):7509–7515. https://doi.org/10.1021/es050606t
Veron JEN, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Lenton TM, Lough JM, Obura DO, Pearce-Kelly P, Sheppard CRC, Spalding M, Stafford-Smith MG, Rogers AD (2009) The coral reef crisis: the critical importance of < 350 ppm CO2. Mar Pollut Bull 58(10):1428–1436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.09.009
Villasol AN, Hernández MP, Torres I, Rodríguez R, Solar F, Alvárez R, Regadera R, López L, Bell L, Ruiz F, Ruiz M, Gómez Y, García L (2010) Programme for monitoring the quality of marine ecosystems in high-risk areas in the wider Caribbean region. Bahía de La Habana, Cuba. In: REGIONAL PROJECT, “Regional Network in Marine Science and Technology for the Caribbean: Know-Why Network. Final Report of Center for environmental management of bays and coastal areas (CIMAB). 62 p. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3384.7363
Ward-Paige C, Risk MJ, Sherwood OA (2005) Reconstruction of nitrogen sources on coral reefs: δ15N and δ13C in gorgonians from Florida Reef Tract. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 296:155–163. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps296155
Wilkinson CR, Williams DM, Sammarco PW, Hogg RW, Trott LA (1984) Rates of nitrogen fixation on coral reefs across the continental shelf of the central Great Barrier Reef. Mar Biol 80:255–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00392820
Acknowledgments
The research was funded by SIP-IPN: 20170255, 2018664, and 20195113 projects of Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CICIMAR-IPN). This work was supported by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) and Beca de Estímulo Institucional de Formación de Investigadores (BEIFI) through a PhD scholarship to NRV. We thank to scientific-technical service Monitoreo Ambiental de la Zona Marina Costera (MAZCO) and our colleagues at the Institute of Marine Sciences of Cuba, especially Daymarlen González, Yanet Echavarría, and Ileana García-Ramil. We appreciate Dr. Michael Risk’s comments and English edits that helped improve the article. We appreciate the comments and criticisms of two anonymous reviewers which improved the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Xianliang Yi
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rey-Villiers, N., Sánchez, A. & González-Díaz, P. Stable nitrogen isotopes in octocorals as an indicator of water quality decline from the northwestern region of Cuba. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 18457–18470 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09956-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09956-x