Abstract
Participants in the coastal socio-economy of the Mediterranean Sea, such as industries, aquaculture, urban populations, conglomerates, and tourists, create intense anthropogenic pressures on marine ecosystems (such as the release of trace metals). This raises concerns about their impact on the surrounding environment and on marine organisms, including those collected for human consumption. This study introduces the possibility of using Patella caerulea (Linnaeus 1758), indigenous to the Mediterranean Sea, as a biosentinel of marine pollution. This study proposes coupling environmental (bioaccumulation) and toxicological (redox homeostasis) measures of bioavailability with genetic variability (COI mtDNA) assessments. Concentrations of six trace metals (cadmium, copper, iron, lead, nickel, and zinc) were measured in surface seawater and in P. caerulea individuals collected from four coastal stations on the Tunisian coast where different levels of metal contamination have occurred. The quantified biomarkers involved the determination of antioxidant defense enzymes, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the measurement of lipid peroxidation indicated by malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Our study identified critical levels of metal contamination among locations in the Gulf of Gabes. Concomitantly, the induction of antioxidant biomarkers (especially SOD and GPX) was observed, highlighting the potential of P. caerulea to acclimate to stressful pollution conditions. Molecular analysis of COI (mtDNA) revealed low discrimination between the four P. caerulea populations, highlighting the role of marine currents in the Mediterranean Sea in the dispersal and passive transportation of limpet larvae, allowing an exchange of individuals among physically separated, P. caerulea populations.
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All data generated and analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Pr. Ayadi for allowing us to do the measurements of trace metals in his laboratory at the University of Sfax in Tunisia. We kindly thank Christophe Buyse, English teacher at Le Mans University, for the time devoted to proofreading our work and Dr. Louzon for his valuable contribution in the revision of the manuscript.
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Part of the PhD is financed by the Eiffel Scholarship Program of Excellence to insure MZ’s (PhD student) stay in Le Mans University, France. Otherwise, no funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.
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MZ: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Validation, Writing – Original draft, Writing – Review and Editing; KA: Methodology; IM: Review; HA: Resources, Supervision; VL: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing—Original Draft, Writing – Review and Editing.
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Zaidi, M., Athmouni, K., Metais, I. et al. The Mediterranean limpet Patella caerulea (Gastropoda, Mollusca) to assess marine ecotoxicological risk: a case study of Tunisian coasts contaminated by metals. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 28339–28358 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18490-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18490-3