Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Political Economy of State Sector Restructuring in China: Cross-Provincial Evidence 2008–2017

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Journal of Chinese Political Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Results reported in this article, on local implementation of mixed-ownership reforms and the corporatization of Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOE) in the period 2008–2017, confirm that political and economic factors determine the possibility, objective, and pace of SOE corporate restructuring. With a starting point in a comprehensive review of the literature on Chinese SOE reforms in the late 1990s and early 2000s, hypotheses on the effects of 1) market supporting institutions, 2) fiscal and financial stability constraints, and 3) social stability constraints on state sector ownership reforms were identified. Industrial economy statistics found in province-level statistical yearbooks were used to test the continuing relevance of these hypotheses and to provide the basis for an updated analysis of the ownership structure of local state-owned enterprises in a new phase of SOE reforms. Most of the firm-level findings reported here are consistent with those of previous studies. However, in contrast to earlier stages of SOE reforms, we find that fiscal pressure on local governments no longer functions as a driver of local-state-sector ownership restructuring. The analysis implies that the Chinese government’s current SOE reform strategy, which this time focus on mixed ownership, is mainly relevant for high-performing SOEs located in rich provinces with well-developed market-supporting institutions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Source: National Bureau of Statistics and author’s notes. All non-corporatized SOEs (国有企业) remain fully state-owned

Fig. 2

Source: author’s calculations based on provincial statistical yearbooks. Missing data in 2008 and 2017 for Henan province

Fig. 3

Source: author’s calculations based on provincial statistical yearbooks. Missing data in 2008 and 2017 for Zhejiang, Yunnan, Shanghai, Qinghai, Jiangxi, Hunan, Henan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Gansu, Fujian, Beijing and Anhui

Fig. 4

Source: author’s calculations based on Jiangsu and Heilongjiang provincial yearbooks 2008–2018. In 2011, the scope of industrial statistics above designated size increased from CNY 5mil to CNY 20mil in terms of annual main business income. This change was implemented for various state-controlled enterprise categories starting from 2013 onwards

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Central SASAC is an institution directly under the management of the State Council. It is an ad-hoc ministerial-level organization directly subordinated to the State Council. In addition, China’s has 36 province-level SASACs (31 province-level units plus 5 selected cities) and 331 city-level SASACs. http://www.sasac.gov.cn/n2588035/n2641584/c4390834/content.html

  2. “Local SOEs” refers to enterprises controlled by government entities below the central government level. As of 2016, 89,548 local SOEs reported to the SASAC system [66]

  3. (19022 SHIEs—(1946 SOEs + 3617 SSLLC)) *100 / 19022 SHIEs = 70.75%

  4. (19022 SHIEs—1946 SOEs) *100/19022 SHIEs

  5. The employment indicators used in the years 2008–2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016 reflect employment in non-state sectors in urban areas across the whole local economy (industry and non-industry sectors). The employment indicators used in the years 2011, 2013, and 2015 reflect employment in non-state industrial sectors only, but include both urban and rural areas.

References

  1. Arnoldi, J., A.R. Villadsen, X. Chen, and C. Na. 2019. Multi-level state capitalism: Chinese state-owned business groups. Management and Organization Review 15 (1): 55–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Bai, C.-E., J. Lu, and Z. Tao. 2006. The multitask theory of state enterprise reform: Empirical evidence from China. The American Economic Review 96 (2): 353–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bai, C.E., J. Lu, and Z. Tao. 2009. How does privatization work in China? Journal of Comparative Economics 37 (3): 453–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2008.09.006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Beck, K.I. 2022. Reforming the Chinese state sector: Mixed ownership reforms and state-business relations. Journal of Contemporary China. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2022.2071901 (Forthcoming).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Beck, K.I., and K.E. Brødsgaard. 2022. Corporate governance with Chinese characteristics: Party organization in state-owned enterprises. The China Quarterly 250 (June): 486–508. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741021001351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Bell, A., and K. Jones. 2015. Explaining fixed effects: Random effects modeling of time-series cross-sectional and panel data. Political Science Research and Methods 3 (1): 133–153. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2014.7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Brandt, L., H. Li, and J. Roberts. 2005. Banks and enterprise privatization in China. Journal of Law Economics and Organizations 21 (2): 524–546. https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewi022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Cai, Y. 2002. Relaxing the constraints from above: Politics of privatising public enterprises in China. Asian Journal of Political Science 10 (2): 94–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Cao, Y., Y. Qian, and B.R. Weingast. 1999. From federalism, Chinese style to privatization, Chinese style. The Economics of Transition 7 (1): 103–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0351.00006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. CCP. 2013. 中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定 (Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on several major issues concerning comprehensively deepening reform). In: The Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China. http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2013-11/15/content_2528179.htm. Accessed 17 Sep 2018.

  11. CCP. 2015. 关于在深化国有企业改革中坚持党的领导加强党的建设的若干意见(中办发〔2015〕44号) (Guiding opinions on upholding Party leadership and strengthening Party building while deepening reform of state-owned enterprises (Zhong Ban Fa [2015] No. 44)).

  12. CCP. 2020. 中国共产党国有企业基层组织工作条例(试行) (Regulations of the Communist Party of China on the work of primary organizations of state-owned enterprises (for trial implementation).

  13. Chang, C., B.P. McCall, and Y. Wang. 2003. Incentive contracting versus ownership reforms: Evidence from China’s township and village enterprises. Journal of Comparative Economics 31 (3): 414–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-5967(03)00053-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Chen, G., M. Firth, and O. Rui. 2006. Have China’s enterprise reforms led to improved efficiency and profitability? Emerging Markets Review 7 (1): 82–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2005.05.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Chen, H., and M. Rithmire. 2020. The rise of the investor state: State capital in the Chinese economy. Studies in Comparative International Development 55 (3): 257–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-020-09308-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Clark, T.S., and D.A. Linzer. 2015. Should I use fixed or random effects? Political Science Research and Methods 3 (2): 399–408. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2014.32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Desender, K.A., R.V. Aguilera, M. Lopezpuertas-Lamy, and R. Crespi. 2016. A clash of governance logics: Foreign ownership and board monitoring. Strategic Management Journal 37: 349–369. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. DRC. 2015. (2015)第192号(总4877号)混合所有制企业数量、类型和行业分布 (2015, No. 192, Total No. 4877, Mixed ownership number, type and industry distribution). Development Research Center of the State Council, Beijing.

  19. Edin, M. 2003. State capacity and local agent control in China: CCP cadre management from a township perspective. The China Quarterly 173: 35–52. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009443903000044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Fan, G., X. Wang, and J. Yu. 2017. NERI Index of Marketization of China’s provinces 2016 report. Beijing: Social Science Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Fan, J.P.H., T.J. Wong, and T. Zhang. 2012. Institutions and organizational structure: The case of state-owned corporate pyramids. The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 29 (6): 1217–1252. https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ews028.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Gan, J., Y. Guo, and C. Xu. 2018. China’s decentralized privatization and change of control rights. Review of Financial Studies 31 (10): 3854–3894.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Garnaut, R., L. Song, S. Tenev, and Y. Yao. 2005. China’s ownership transformation: Process, outcomes, prospects. Washington: World Bank Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Gu, E.X. 1997. Foreign direct investment and the restructuring of Chinese state-owned enterprises (1992–1995): A new institutionalist perspective. China Information 12 (3): 46–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0920203X9701200303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Guan, J., Z. Gao, J. Tan, W. Sun, and F. Shi. 2021. Does the mixed ownership reform work? Influence of board chair on performance of state-owned enterprises. Journal of Business Research 122: 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.08.038.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Guo, K., and Y. Yao. 2005. Causes of privatization in China: Testing several hypotheses. Economics of Transition 13 (2): 211–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.2005.00221.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Gupta, N., J.C. Ham, and J. Svejnar. 2008. Priorities and sequencing in privatization: Evidence from Czech firm panel data. European Economic Review 52 (2): 183–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2007.05.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Hall, P.A., and D. Soskice. 2001. Varieties of capitalism: The institutional foundations of comparative advantage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  29. Hou, Y. 2020. Nicholas R. Lardy, The state strikes back: The end of economic reform in China? Journal of Chinese Political Science 25 (2): 353–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-020-09654-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Hu, F.Z.Y., and G.C.S. Lin. 2010. Same bed, different dreams: A comparative analysis of the growth and performance of SOEs in northeast and south China. Issues & Studies 46 (2): 33–86.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Hu, F.Z.Y., and G.C.S. Lin. 2011. Placing the transformation of state-owned enterprises in North-East China: The state, region and firm in a transitional economy. Regional Studies 47 (4): 563–579. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2011.584862.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Huang Q. 2018. How “New SOEs” come of age: four decades of Chinese SOE reform. Working paper, Institute of Industrial Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing.

  33. Huang, X., P. Li, and R. Lotspeich. 2009. The size of the SOE sector and macroeconomic performance: An empirical study based on Chinese provincial data. Economic Change and Restructuring 42: 319–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-009-9074-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Huang, Y. 2019. Solve the problem or escape responsibility? The politics of Chinese privatization reform. Chinese Political Science Review 4: 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-018-0110-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Hurst, W. 2009. The Chinese worker after socialism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  36. Jefferson, G.H., and J. Su. 2006. Privatization and restructuring in China: Evidence from shareholding ownership, 1995–2001. Journal of Comparative Economics 34 (1): 146–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2005.11.008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Li, D., F. Moshirian, P. Nguyen, and L.W. Tan. 2007. Managerial ownership and firm performance: Evidence from China’s privatizations. Research in International Business and Finance 21 (3): 396–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2007.02.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Li, H. 2003. Government’s budget constraint, competition, and privatization: Evidence from China’s rural industry. Journal of Comparative Economics 31 (3): 486–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-5967(03)00070-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Li, H., and S. Rozelle. 2000. Saving or stripping rural industry: An analysis of privatization and efficiency in China. Agricultural Economics 23 (3): 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5150(00)00086-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Li, H., and L.A. Zhou. 2005. Political turnover and economic performance: The incentive role of personnel control in China. Journal of Public Economics 89 (9–10): 1743–1762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.06.009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Li, S., S. Li, and W. Zhang. 2000. The road to capitalism: Competition and institutional change in China. Journal of Comparative Economics 28 (2): 269–292. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcec.2000.1653.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Li, W. 1997. The impact of economic reform on the performance of Chinese state enterprises, 1980–1989. Journal of Political Economy 105 (5): 1080–1106. https://doi.org/10.1086/262106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Li, W., and L. Putterman. 2008. Reforming China’s SOEs: An overview. Comparative Economic Studies 50 (3): 353–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Li, X., and J.C. Oi. 2018. Unpacking the patterns of corporate restructuring during China’s SOE reform. Economic and Political Studies 6 (2): 118–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/20954816.2018.1463459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Liao, X., and Y. Liu. 2014. Local fiscal distress and investment efficiency of local SOEs. China Journal of Accounting Research 7: 119–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjar.2013.07.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Lin, S., and W. Rowe. 2006. Determinants of the profitability of China’s regional SOEs. China Economic Review 17 (2): 120–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2005.05.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Lin, Y., and T. Zhu. 2001. Ownership restructuring in Chinese state industry: An analysis of evidence on initial organizational changes. The China Quarterly 166 (June): 305–341.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Liu, G.S., J. Beirne, and P. Sun. 2015. The performance impact of firm ownership transformation in China: mixed ownership vs. fully privatised ownership. Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies 13 (3): 197–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2015.1056476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Liu, G.S., and G. Gaia. 2001. Privatisation or competition? Economics of Planning 34: 37–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Liu, G.S., and S. Green. 2005. Exit the dragon? Privatization and state control in China. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Liu GS, Liu X. 2005. The 2004 enterprise survey project of ownership transformation and enterprise reorganization in China. The Institute of Enterprise Research, The Development Center of Research of State Council of China, Beijing.

  52. Liu, G.S., P. Sun, and Wing Thye Woo. 2007. What motivates and constrains politicians to privatize? The case of China. Economic Letters 97 (1): 81–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2007.03.017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Liu, G.S., P. Sun, and W.T. Woo. 2005. Chinese style privatization: motives and constraints. In Exit the dragon? Privatization and state control in China, ed. S. Green and G.S. Liu, 60–79. London: Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Liu, G.S., P. Sun, and W.T. Woo. 2006. The political economy of Chinese-style privatization: Motives and constraints. World Development 34 (12): 2016–2033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.06.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Liu M, Yin Y, Zhang B. 2008. Privatization and corporatization as endogenous choices in Chinese corporate reform, working paper, Chinese University of Hong Kong.

  56. Liu, X., J. Lu, and A. Chizema. 2014. Top executive compensation, regional institutions and Chinese OFDI. Journal of World Business 49 (1): 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2013.04.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Ma, L., F. Xu, I. Najaf, and A. Taslima. 2021. How does increased private ownership affect financial leverage, asset quality and profitability of Chinese SOEs? Chinese Political Science Review 6 (2): 251–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-020-00158-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. NBS. 2018. Indicators on economic benefit of state-owned and state-holding industrial enterprises. In: National Bureau of Statistics. http://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103. Accessed 5 Apr 2018.

  59. NBS. 2019. Total assets of state-holding industrial enterprises. National Bureau of Statistics of China.

  60. Oi, J.C. 2005. Patterns of corporate restructuring in China: Political constraints on privatization. The China Journal 53 (Jan): 115–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Otchere, I., and Z. Zhang. 2001. Privatization, efficiency and intra- industry effects: Analysis of China’s privatization. International Review of Finance 2 (1–2): 49–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Peck, J., and J. Zhang. 2013. A variety of capitalism... with Chinese characteristics? Journal of Economic Geography 13 (3): 357–396. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbs058.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Qian, Y., and G. Roland. 1998. Federalism and the soft budget constraint. American Economic Review 88 (5): 1143–1162.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Qian, Y., and B.R. Weingast. 1997. Federalism as a commitment to preserving market incentives. Journal of Economic Perspectives 11 (4): 83–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Ramamurti, R. 2000. A multilevel model of privatization in emerging economies. The Academy of Management Review 25 (3): 525–550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Rithmire, M.E. 2014. China’s “New Regionalism”: Subnational analysis in Chinese political economy. World Politics 66 (1): 165–194. https://doi.org/10.1017/S004388711300035X.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. SASAC. 2016. China’s State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Yearbook 2016. State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, Beijing.

  68. SASAC. 2017. China’s State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Yearbook 2017. State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, Beijing.

  69. Shi, W., and J. Sun. 2016. The impact of privatization on efficiency and profitability. Economics of Transition 24 (3): 393–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecot.12094.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. State Council. 2015. 国务院关于国有企业发展混合所有制经济的意见 (国办发发〔2015〕54号) (State Council’s Opinions on the Development of Mixed Ownership Economy by State-owned Enterprises (guobanfa (2015) no. 54)). In: State Council. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-09/24/content_10177.htm. Accessed 24 Sep 2018.

  71. Sun, Q., W.H.S. Tong, and J. Tong. 2002. How does government ownership affect firm performance? Evidence from China’s privatization experience. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 29 (1–2): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5957.00422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Sutherland, D., and L. Ning. 2015. The emergence and evolution of Chinese business groups: Are pyramidal groups forming? In State Capitalism, Institutional Adaptation, and the Chinese Miracle, ed. B. Naughton and K.S. Tsai, 103–153. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Thun, E. 2006. Changing lanes in China: Foreign direct investment, local governments, and auto sector development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  74. Tong, S.Y. 2009. Why privatize or why not? Empirical evidence from China’s SOEs reform. China Economic Review 20 (3): 402–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2009.06.008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Wei, Z., O. Varela, and Hassan M. Kabir. 2003. The financial and operating performance of China’s newly privatized firms. Financial Management 32 (2): 107–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Whiting, S. 2001. Power and wealth in rural China: The political economy of institutional change. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Xinhua. 2013. Private capital encouraged to develop mixed-ownership economy. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013cpctps/2013-11/15/content_17109444.htm. Accessed 15 Dec 2017.

  78. Xinhua. 2016. China to take substantial steps in mixed-ownership reform. http://english.gov.cn/news/top_news/2016/12/16/content_281475517770092.htm. Accessed 15 Dec 2017.

  79. Xinhua. 2017. Xi calls for furthering SOE reform. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-10/18/content_33403609.htm. Accessed 22 Aug 2018.

  80. Xinhua. 2017. Economic Watch: China SOE reform set to accelerate. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-10/26/c_136707498.htm. Accessed 15 Dec 2017.

  81. Xinhua. 2017. Chinese SOEs speed up mixed-ownership drive. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-11/02/c_136722848.htm. Accessed 15 Dec 2017.

  82. Xinhua. 2018. 习近平:怀疑、唱衰国企的思想和言论都是错误的 党中央毫不动摇地支持民营经济发展 (Xi Jinping: Doubt and sing the thoughts and speeches of the state-owned enterprises are wrong. The Party Central Committee unswervingly supports the development of the private economy). In: Xinhua. http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018-09/27/c_1123493277.htm?mc_cid=083e02e21f&mc_eid=8e35bd1374. Accessed 28 Sep 2018.

  83. Xinhua Finance Agency. 2017. Another 7 SOEs approved for pilot mixed ownership reform. http://en.xfafinance.com/html/Dont_Miss/2017/326481.shtml. Accessed 15 Dec 2017.

  84. Ye, J. 2017. The building of national conglomerates in China: The fiscal capacity of local governments and the expansion of central state-owned enterprises. China: An international journal 15 (4): 136–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Yu, M. 2013. State ownership and firm performance: Empirical evidence from Chinese listed companies. China Journal of Accounting Research 6 (2): 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjar.2013.03.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Zeng, J. 2010. Political compromises: The privatization of small- and medium-sized public enterprises in China. Journal of Chinese Political Science 15 (3): 257–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-010-9112-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Zeng, J. 2013. State-led privatization in China: The Politics of Economic Reform. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  88. Zhang, A., Y. Zhang, and R. Zhao. 2002. Profitability and productivity of Chinese industrial firms: Measurement and ownership implications. China Economic Review 13: 65–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Zhang, J., and J. Peck. 2016. Variegated capitalism, Chinese style: Regional models, multi-scalar Constructions. Regional Studies 50 (1): 52–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.856514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Zhang, X., M. Yu, and G. Chen. 2020. Does mixed-ownership reform improve SOEs’ innovation? Evidence from state ownership. China Economic Review 61: 101450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2020.101450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Zhang, X., and T. Zhu. 2017. Business, government and economic institutions in China. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Zhao, J. 2019. Chinese state-owned companies, misallocation and the reform policy. Chinese Political Science Review 4 (1): 28–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-018-0112-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Zheng, Y. 2017. Privatization with ‘Vested Interests’ in China. Socio-Economic Review 17 (3): 767–791. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwx023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of International Economics, Government and Business (EGB), Copenhagen Business School, Porcelænshaven 24A, room 3.57, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark

    Kasper Ingeman Beck

Authors
  1. Kasper Ingeman Beck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kasper Ingeman Beck.

Ethics declarations

Disclosure Statement

The author reported that no conflict of interest exists.

Appendices

Appendix 1

Table 5 Descriptive statistics and correlation table
Full size table

Appendix 2

Table 6 Random effects models testing hypothesis 1–4, excluding Heilongjiang, Liaoning, and Jilin provinces
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Beck, K.I. The Political Economy of State Sector Restructuring in China: Cross-Provincial Evidence 2008–2017. J OF CHIN POLIT SCI 28, 273–299 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-022-09835-x

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-022-09835-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation