Skip to main content
Log in

The Gift of Respect: Tourist Gift Giving and the Construction of Self-Respect Among Authorized Sightseeing Rickshaw Drivers in Bharatpur, India

  • Published:
International Journal of Hindu Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Tourism workers may actively cultivate relationships with tourists to counter the social and economic marginalization they face by others involved in the tourism economy. In this article I explore the ways in which sightseeing rickshaw drivers use gifts as symbols of these relationships with tourists. I base my analysis on sixteen months of fieldwork that I conducted in 2008–9 with the authorized sightseeing rickshaw drivers at Keoladeo National Park in Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India. I argue that they use gifts, both materially and discursively, to create a space in which they can construct narratives of self-respect.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams, Vincanne. 1996. Tigers of the Snow and Other Virtual Sherpas: An Ethnography of Himalayan Encounters. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, Ananda. 2012. “Birding on Wheels.” LiveMint, February 2. Available at: http://www.livemint.com/Politics/r02lUjTMJqD7S3vYTglMdP/Birding-on-wheels.html.

  • Brown, Radcliffe A. R. 1940. “On Joking Relationships.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 13, 3: 195–210.

  • Bunten, Alexis Celeste. 2008. “Sharing Culture or Selling Out? Developing the Commodified Person in the Heritage Industry.” American Ethnologist 35, 3: 380–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Casteñeda, Quetzil E. 1996. In the Museum of Maya Culture: Touring Chichén Itzá. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, Stroma. 2008. Tourism, Culture and Development: Hopes, Dreams and Realities in East Indonesia. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crick, Malcolm. 1989. “Representations of International Tourism in the Social Sciences: Sun, Sex, Sights, Savings and Servility.” Annual Review of Anthropology 18: 307–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, Malcolm. 1994. Resplendent Sites, Discordant Voices: Sri Lankans and International Tourism. Chur: Harwood Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahles, Heidi. 1999. “Tourism and Small Entrepreneurs in Developing Countries: A Theoretical Perspective.” In Heidi Dahles and Karin Bras, eds., Tourism and Small Entrepreneurs: Development, National Policy and Entrepreneurial Culture: Indonesian Cases, 1–19. New York: Cognizant Communication Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahles, Heidi. 2002. “The Politics of Tour Guiding: Image Management in Indonesia.” Annals of Tourism Research 29, 3: 783–800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Certeau, Michel. 1984 [1980]. The Practice of Everyday Life (trans. Steven Rendall). Berkeley: University of California Press.

  • de Kadt, Emanuel, ed. 1979. Tourism: Passport to Development?: Perspectives on the Social and Cultural Effects of Tourism in Developing Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickey, Sarah. 2010 [2002]. “Anjali’s Prospects: Class Mobility in Urban India.” In Diane P. Mines and Sarah Lamb, eds., Everyday Life in South Asia, 192–205. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

  • Doron, Assa. 2005. “Encountering the ‘Other’: Pilgrims, Tourists and Boatmen in the City of Varanasi.” The Australian Journal of Anthropology 16, 22: 157–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doron, Assa. 2008. Caste, Occupation and Politics on the Ganges: Passages of Resistance. Burlington: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyson, Jane. 2014. Working Childhoods: Youth, Agency and the Environment in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Flacke-Neudorfer, C. 2008. “Actors or Victims? Actor-Oriented Perspectives on New Forms of Tourism.” In Peter Burns and Marina Novelli, eds., Tourism Development: Growth, Myths and Inequalities, 239–58. Wallingford: CABI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geertz, Clifford. 1998. “Deep Hanging Out.” The New York Review of Books 45, 16 (October 22): 69–72.

  • Gmelch, Sharon Bohn. 2010 [2004]. “Why Tourism Matters.” In Sharon Bohn Gmelch, ed., Tourists and Tourism: A Reader, 3–24. Long Grove: Waveland Press.

  • Goffman, Erving. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, H. T., I. J. Kent, K. T. Parker, and M. J. Walpole. 1997. Tourism, Conservation and Sustainable Development. Volume 2: Keoladeo National Park, India. Final Report to the Department for International Development. Available at: http://www.haroldgoodwin.info/resources/vol2.pdf.

  • Greenwood, Davydd J. 1989 [1977]. “Culture by the Pound: An Anthropological Perspective on Tourism as Cultural Commoditization.” In Valene L. Smith, ed., Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, 171–85. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

  • Gregory, C. A. 1982. Gifts and Commodities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, Carol E. and Maxine Weisgrau, eds. 2007. Raj Rhapsodies: Tourism, Heritage and the Seduction of History. Burlington: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 1983. The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huberman, Jenny. 2012. Ambivalent Encounters: Childhood, Tourism, and Social Change in Banaras, India. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hutnyk, John. 1996. The Rumor of Calcutta: Tourism, Charity and the Poverty of Representation. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey, Craig. 2010. “Timepass: Youth, Class, and Time Among Unemployed Young Men in India.” American Ethnologist 37, 3: 465–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keoladeo National Park. N.d. Keoladeo National Park: An Avian Paradise [Tourism Brochure]. Bharatpur: Keoladeo National Park.

  • Krippendorf, Jost. 1987. The Holiday Makers: Understanding the Impact of Leisure and Travel. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Little, Walter E. 2002. “Selling Strategies and Social Relations Among Mobile Maya Handicrafts Vendors.” Research in Economic Anthropology 21: 61–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little, Walter E. 2003. “Performing Tourism: Maya Women’s Strategies.” Signs 29, 2: 528–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little, Walter E. 2004. Mayas in the Marketplace. Tourism, Globalization, and Cultural Identity. Austin: University of Texas Press.

  • Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1922. Argonauts of the Western Pacific. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauss, Marcel. 1990 [1923–24]. The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies (trans. W. D. Halls). New York: W.W. Norton.

  • Menon, Vivek. 2011. “The Bharatpur Exodus.” The Asian Age, April 10. Available at: http://archive.asianage.com/columnists/bharatpur-exodus-686.

  • Mowfurth, Martin and Ian Munt. 2009 [1998]. Tourism and Sustainability: New Tourism in the Third World. London: Routledge.

  • Nash, Dennison. 1989 [1977]. “Tourism as a Form of Imperialism.” In Valene L. Smith, ed., Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, 37–52. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

  • Nettekoven, Lothar. 1979. “Mechanisms of Intercultural Interaction.” In Emanuel de Kadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development?: Perspectives on the Social and Cultural Effects of Tourism in Developing Countries, 135–45. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuñez, Theron, with Epilogue by James Lett. 1989 [1977]. “Touristic Studies in Anthropological Perspective.” In Valene L. Smith, ed., Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, 265–79. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

  • Pahl, R. 1998. “Friendship: The Social Glue of Contemporary Society?” In Jane Franklin, ed., The Politics of Risk Society, 99–119. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parry, Jonathan. 1984. “The Gift, the Indian Gift, and the ‘Indian Gift'.” Man (ns) 21, 3: 453–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. 1940. “On Joking Relationships.” Africa: Journal of International African Institute 13, 3: 195–210.

  • Raheja, Gloria Goodwin. 1988. The Poison in the Gift: Ritual Prestation and the Dominant Caste in a North Indian Village. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raheja, Gloria Goodwin and Ann Grodzins Gold. 1994. Listen to the Heron’s Words: Reimagining Gender and Kinship in North India. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawat, Ramnarayan S. 2011. Reconsidering Untouchability: Chamars and Dalit History in North India. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ring, Laura A. 2006. Zenana: Everyday Peace in a Karachi Apartment Building. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, James C. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shamir, Boas. 1984. “Between Gratitude and Gratuity: An Analysis of Tipping.” Annals of Tourism Research 11, 1: 59–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, M. Thea, ed. 1997. Gender, Work and Tourism. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snodgrass, Jeffrey G. 2006. Casting Kings: Bards and Indian Modernity. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stasch, Rupert. 2014. “Toward Symmetric Treatment of Imaginaries: Nudity and Payment in Tourism in Papua’s ‘Treehouse People’.” In Noel B. Salazar and Nelson H. H. Graburn, eds., Tourism Imaginaries: Anthropological Approaches, 31–56. New York: Berghahn.

  • Stronza, Amanda. 2001. “Anthropology of Tourism: Forging New Ground for Ecotourism and Other Alternatives.” Annual Review of Anthropology 30: 261–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stronza, Amanda. 2008. “Through a New Mirror: Reflections on Tourism and Identity in the Amazon.” Human Organization 67, 3: 244–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urry, John. 1990. The Tourist Gaze. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Gemert, Hanneke, Ester van Genugten, and Heidi Dahles. 1999. “Tukang Becak: The Pedicab Men of Yogyakarta.” In Heidi Dahles and Karin Bras, eds., Tourism and Small Entrepreneurs: Development, National Policy and Entrepreneurial Culture: Indonesian Cases, 97–111. New York: Cognizant Communication Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vatuk, Ved Prakash and Sylvia Vatuk. 1971. “The Social Context of Gift Exchange in North India.” In Giri Raj Gupta, ed., Family and Social Change in Modern India, 207–32. Durham: Carolina Academic Press.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Emera Bridger Wilson.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bridger Wilson, E. The Gift of Respect: Tourist Gift Giving and the Construction of Self-Respect Among Authorized Sightseeing Rickshaw Drivers in Bharatpur, India. Hindu Studies 22, 309–333 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11407-018-9230-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11407-018-9230-8

Keywords

Navigation