Abstract
The lunar Apennines, located in the southeast of Mare Imbrium, is the largest range on the Moon. The gravity anomalies on profiles across the mountains reveal evidence of a great fault zone characteristic. The deep crustal structures of lunar Apennines are analyzed on the basis of topographic data from Chang’E-1 satellite and gravity data from Lunar Prospector. The inverted crust-mantle models indicate the presence of a lithosphere fault beneath the mountains. Inverted results of gravity and the hypothesis of lunar thermal evolution suggest that the lunar lithosphere might be broken ∼3.85 Ga ago due to a certain dynamic lateral movement and compression of lunar lithosphere. This event is associated with the history of magma filling and lithosphere deformation in the mountain zone and adjacent area. Moreover, the formation and evolution of Imbrium basin impose this effect on the process.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ping J S, Huang Q, Yan J G, et al. Lunar topographic model CLTM-s01 from Chang’E-1 laser altimeter. Sci China Ser G-Phys Mech Astron, 2009, 52(7): 1105–1114
Morgan J P, Phillips R J. Inversion of combined gravity and bathymetry data for crustal structure — A prescription for downward continuation. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 1993, 119: 167–179
Zuber M T, Smith D E, Lemoine F G, et al. The shape and internal structure of the Moon from the Clementine mission. Science, 1994, 266: 1839–1843
Neumann G A, Zuber M T, Smith D E, et al. The lunar crust: Global signature and structure of major basins. J Geophys Res, 1996, 101: 16841–16863
Neumann G A, Lemoine F G, Zuber M T, et al. What does gravity tell us about lunar crustal structure? Lunar Planet Sci, 1997, XXIX: 1713
Konopliv A S, Binder A B, Hood L L, et al. Improved gravity field of the Moon from Lunar Prospector. Science, 1998, 281: 1476–1480
Wieczorek M A, Phillips R J. Potential anomalies on a sphere: Applications to the thickness of the lunar crust. J Geophys Res-Planet, 1998, 103(E1): 1715–1724
Potts L V, von Frese R R B. Comprehensive mass modeling of the Moon from spectrally correlated free-air and terrain gravity data. J Geophys Res, 2003a, 108(E4): 5024, doi:10.1029/2000JE001440
Potts L V, von Frese R R B. Crustal attributes of lunar basins from terrain-correlated free-air gravity anomalies. J Geophys Res, 2003b, 108(E5): 5037, doi:10.1029/2000JE001446
Bussey B, Spudis P D, Hawke B R, et al. Geology and composition of the Apennine mountains, lunar Imbrium basin. Lunar Planet Sci, 1998, XXIX: 1352
Spudis P, Head J W. Geology of the Imbrium basin Apennine mountains and relation to the Apollo 15 landing site. In: Proceedings Lunar Science Conference 8th, 1977. 2785-2797
Konopliv A S, Asmar S W, Carranza E, et al. Recent gravity models as a result of the Lunar Prospector mission. Icarus, 2001, 150: 1–18
Namiki N, Iwata T, Matsumoto K, et al. Farside gravity field of the Moon from Four-Way Doppler Measurements of SELENE (Kaguya). Science, 2009, 323: 900–905
Li F, Yan J G, Ping J S. Lunar exploration and lunar gravity field determination (in Chinese). Prog Geophys, 2006, 21(1): 31–37
Yan J G, Ping J S, Li F, et al. Character analysis of the lunar gravity field by the LP165P model and its effect on lunar satellite orbit (in Chinese). Chin J Geophys, 2006, 49(2): 408–414
Ferrari A J, Nelson D L, Sjogren W L, et al. The isostatic state of the lunar Apennines and regional surroundings. J Geophys Res, 1978, 83: 2863–2871
Spudis P D. Composition and origin of the Apennine Bench Formation. In: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 9th. New York: Pergamon Press, 1978. 3379–3394
Wieczorek M A, Jolliff B L, Khan A, et al. The constitution and structure of the lunar interior. Rev Mineral Geochem, 2006, 60(1): 221–364
Ouyang Z Y. Advance of lunar geology (in Chinese). Adv Earth Sci, 1994, 9(2): 80–81
Wise D U, Yates M T. Macons as structural relief on a lunar “Moho”. J Geophys Res, 1970, 75: 261–268
Solomon S C, Head J W. Vertical movement in mare basins: Relation to mare emplacement, basin tectonics, and lunar thermal history. J Geophys Res, 1979, 84: 1667–1682
Ghods A, Arkani-Hamed J. Impact-induced convection as the main mechanism for formation of lunar mare basalts. J Geophys Res, 2007, 112(E3): E03005, doi:10.1029/2006JE002709
Solomon S C, Head J W. Lunar Mascon basins: Lava filling, tectonics, and evolution of the lithosphere. Rev Geophys Space Phys, 1980, 18(1): 107–140
Watters T R, Konopliv A S. The topography and gravity of Mare Serenitatis: Implications for subsidence of the mare surface. Planet Space Sci, 2001, 49: 743–748
Mohit P S, Phillips R J. Viscoelastic evolution of lunar multiring basins. J Geophys Res, 2006, 111(E12): E12001, doi:10.1029/2005JE-002654
Anderson E M. The Dynamics of Faulting and Dyke Formation With Application to Britain. London: Oliver and Boyd, 1951. 1–50
Wang Q S, Teng J W, Wang G J, et al. Specific gravity field of the Himalayas east structural knot (in Chinese). Prog Geophys, 2007, 22(1): 35–42
Chen S Z. Gravity anomalies, lithospheric structure and plate dynamics in the Himalayas (in Chinese). Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 1993, 17(4): 315–334
Cui J W. Tectonic evolution of the Himalayan collision belt (in Chinese). Acta Geol Sin, 1997, 71(2): 107–112
Zhao W J, Nelson K D, Che J K, et al. Deep seismic reflection in Himalaya region reveals the complexity of the crust and upper mantle (in Chinese). Acta Geoscient Sin, 1996, 17(2): 138–152
Zhao W J, Zhao X, Shi D N, et al. Progress in the study of deep (INDEPTH) profiles in the Himalayas and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (in Chinese). Geol Bull China, 2002, 21(11): 691–700
Su W, Peng Y J, Zheng Y J, et al. Crust and upper mantle shear velocity structure beneath the Tibetan plateau and adjacent areas (in Chinese). Acta Geoscient Sin, 2002, 23(3): 193–200
Peng C. Bouguer anomalies and crustal density structure in western China (in Chinese). Acta Geoscient Sin, 2005, 26(5): 417–422
Hetenyi G, Cattin R, Vergne J, et al. The effective elastic thickness of the India Plate from receiver function imaging, gravity anomalies and thermomechanical modeling. Geophys J Int, 2006, 167(3): 1106–1118
Shearer C K, Hess P C, Wieczorek M A, et al. Thermal and magmatic evolution of the Moon. Rev Mineral Geochem, 2006, 60(1): 365–518
Elkins-Tanton L T, Hager B H, Grove T L. Magmatic effects of the lunar late heavy bombardment. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2004, 222: 17–27
Hiesinger H, Head J W. New view of lunar geoscience: An introduction and overview. Rev Mineral Geochem, 2006, 60(1): 1–81
Wilhelms D E. The geologic history of the Moon. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1987, 1348: 1–302
Jones A P, Price G D, Price N J, et al. Impact induced melting and the development of large igneous provinces. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2002, 202: 551–561
Melosh J H. Impact Cratering: A Geologic Process. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989
Wieczorek M A, Phillips R J. Lunar multiring basins and the cratering process. Icarus, 1999, 139: 246–259
Watters W A, Zuber M T, Hager B H. Thermal perturbations caused by large impacts and consequences for mantle convection. J Geophys Res, 2009, 114: E02001, doi:10.1029/2007JE002964
Head J W. Serenitatis multi-ringed basin: Regional geology and basin ring interpretation. Moon Planets, 1979, 21: 439–462
Hartmann W K, Strom R G, Weidenschilling S J, et al. Chronology of planetary volcanism by comparative studies of planetary craters. Basaltic Volcanism on the Terrestrial Planets. New York: Pergamon Press, 1981. 1050–1127
Neukum G, Ivanov B A. Crater size distributions and impact probabilities on Earth from lunar, terrestrial-planet, and asteroid cratering data. In: Gehrels T, ed. Hazard Due to Comets and Asteroids. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994. 359–416
Stöffler D, Ryder G. Stratigraphy and isotope ages of lunar geologic units: Chronological standard for the inner solar system. In: Kallenbach R, Geiss J, Hartmann W K, eds. Chronology and Evolution of Mars. Dordrech/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Press, 2001. 9–54
Spudis P D. The geology of Multi-ring Impact Basins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993
Wessel P, Smith W H F. Free software helps map and display data. Eos Trans AGU, 1991, 72(41): 441
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40774060 and 10973031) and the CAS Key Research Program (Grant No. KJCX2-YW-T13-2)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, C., Chen, B., Ping, J. et al. The interpretation of gravity anomaly on lunar Apennines. Sci. China Ser. G-Phys. Mech. Astron. 52, 1824–1832 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-009-0281-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-009-0281-0