Abstract
Among studies on performance outcomes of entry mode choices disagreement fueled by ambiguous research findings is apparent as regards whether the best performers are those firms that enter foreign countries with high or low entry mode degree of control. To solve this dilemma and test new hypotheses, the relationship between entry mode degree of control and firm performance is examined by meta-analyzing 133 studies (740,114 observations) covering entry mode choices from 1980 to 2010. We find that (a) overall high-control entry modes lead to higher performance, and (b) adopting high-control entry modes is particularly important for firms entering developing countries.
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Notes
As we will explain later when describing the variables used in our model, the meta-regression analysis was initially performed using the terms ‘developing’ and ‘emerging’ as synonyms. Subsequently, as a robustness check, we created a sub-sample including only studies considering entries in ‘emerging countries’, defined as those developing countries that have some characteristics of developed countries but do not meet standards to be developed.
Interestingly, 39 out of 133 of our sampled studies considered only China as the host country of entry initiatives. This is a relevant number, and suggests a particular interest in modes that better perform to enter this country.
The variable emerging countries takes value 1 if the host country is an emerging country or set of emerging countries but not one or more developing or developed countries, and 0 otherwise.
It is worth noting that in various studies entry mode and/or firm performance were used as control variables, and thus no hypothesis was posited on their relationship.
The dummy survival was dropped in all meta-regression models because of multicollinearity.
In those papers where firm age was measured with the natural logarithm of the number of years, we transformed it into years.
These controls were added one-by-one in order to not reduce too much the number of observations in the meta-regression models.
Each step of the cumulative meta-analysis considers one more study, and the pooled effect size is recomputed in the same way as in the traditional meta-analysis; the only difference is that the effect size is not calculated for the whole group of studies at once but is instead recalculated each time a new study is added to the analysis. This allows for estimating the contribution of individual studies and the evolution of the magnitude and direction of research findings. In our cumulative meta-analysis, articles with the same ‘median year of the study observation period’ were entered into the analysis in random order (Gurevitch et al. 2001; Rosenberg et al. 2000).
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Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge the excellent guidance provided by the Editor Joachim Wolf and the two anonymous reviewers, who helped strengthen this paper. We thank Ettore Spadafora, Ashish Arora and Wesley Cohen for their thoughtful feedback on earlier drafts of this paper.
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Appendix: Studies included in the Meta-Analysis
Appendix: Studies included in the Meta-Analysis
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Giachetti, C., Manzi, G. & Colapinto, C. Entry Mode Degree of Control, Firm Performance and Host Country Institutional Development: A Meta-Analysis. Manag Int Rev 59, 3–39 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-018-0365-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-018-0365-z