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Entry Mode Degree of Control, Firm Performance and Host Country Institutional Development: A Meta-Analysis

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Abstract

Among studies on performance outcomes of entry mode choices disagreement fueled by ambiguous research findings is apparent as regards whether the best performers are those firms that enter foreign countries with high or low entry mode degree of control. To solve this dilemma and test new hypotheses, the relationship between entry mode degree of control and firm performance is examined by meta-analyzing 133 studies (740,114 observations) covering entry mode choices from 1980 to 2010. We find that (a) overall high-control entry modes lead to higher performance, and (b) adopting high-control entry modes is particularly important for firms entering developing countries.

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Notes

  1. As we will explain later when describing the variables used in our model, the meta-regression analysis was initially performed using the terms ‘developing’ and ‘emerging’ as synonyms. Subsequently, as a robustness check, we created a sub-sample including only studies considering entries in ‘emerging countries’, defined as those developing countries that have some characteristics of developed countries but do not meet standards to be developed.

  2. Interestingly, 39 out of 133 of our sampled studies considered only China as the host country of entry initiatives. This is a relevant number, and suggests a particular interest in modes that better perform to enter this country.

  3. The variable emerging countries takes value 1 if the host country is an emerging country or set of emerging countries but not one or more developing or developed countries, and 0 otherwise.

  4. It is worth noting that in various studies entry mode and/or firm performance were used as control variables, and thus no hypothesis was posited on their relationship.

  5. The dummy survival was dropped in all meta-regression models because of multicollinearity.

  6. In those papers where firm age was measured with the natural logarithm of the number of years, we transformed it into years.

  7. These controls were added one-by-one in order to not reduce too much the number of observations in the meta-regression models.

  8. Each step of the cumulative meta-analysis considers one more study, and the pooled effect size is recomputed in the same way as in the traditional meta-analysis; the only difference is that the effect size is not calculated for the whole group of studies at once but is instead recalculated each time a new study is added to the analysis. This allows for estimating the contribution of individual studies and the evolution of the magnitude and direction of research findings. In our cumulative meta-analysis, articles with the same ‘median year of the study observation period’ were entered into the analysis in random order (Gurevitch et al. 2001; Rosenberg et al. 2000).

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the excellent guidance provided by the Editor Joachim Wolf and the two anonymous reviewers, who helped strengthen this paper. We thank Ettore Spadafora, Ashish Arora and Wesley Cohen for their thoughtful feedback on earlier drafts of this paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Management, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, San Giobbe, Venice, Italy

    Claudio Giachetti & Cinzia Colapinto

  2. Department of Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Giancarlo Manzi

  3. Graduate School of Business, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan

    Cinzia Colapinto

Authors
  1. Claudio Giachetti
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  2. Giancarlo Manzi
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  3. Cinzia Colapinto
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Claudio Giachetti.

Appendix: Studies included in the Meta-Analysis

Appendix: Studies included in the Meta-Analysis

Author(s)

Year

Journal

Anand and Delios

1997

Journal of International Business Studies

Anh et al.

2006

International Business Review

Barden et al.

2005

Journal of International Business Studies

Barkema and Vermeulen

1997

Journal of International Business Studies

Beamish and Kachra

2004

Journal of World Business

Belderbos and Zou

2009

Journal of International Business Studies

Belderbos et al.

2014

Strategic Management Journal

Bradshaw et al.

2004

Journal of Accounting Research

Brouthers and Xu

2002

Journal of International Business Studies

Brouthers et al.

2000

British Journal of Management

Brouthers et al.

2003

Strategic Management Journal

Brouthers et al.

2008

Journal of Management

Brouthers et al.

2008

Journal of Management Studies

Chang and Xu

2008

Strategic Management Journal

Chang et al.

2013

Strategic Management Journal

Chen

1999

Journal of World Business

Chiao et al.

2009

Journal of World Business

Child

2002

Organization Studies

Child et al.

2003

Journal of International Business Studies

Choi et al.

2011

Research Policy

Chung and Beamish

2010

Organization Science

Chung and Beamish

2012

Journal of World Business

Chung et al.

2013

Management International Review

Colpan and Yoshikawa

2012

Corporate Governance: An International Review

Cullen et al.

1995

Journal of International Business Studies

Dai et al.

2013

Journal of International Business Studies

Delios and Beamish

2001

Academy of Management Journal

Delios and Beamish

2004

Management International Review

Delios and Makino

2003

Journal of International Marketing

Demirbag et al.

2007

International Business Review

Demirbag et al.

2011

Journal of World Business

Dikova

2009

International Business Review

Fey and Beamish

2001

Organization Science

Fisch and Zschoche

2012

International Business Review

Gao et al.

2008

Management International Review

Gaur and Lu

2007

Journal of Management

Ghahroudi and Hoshino

2007

Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship

Glaister and Buckley

1999

Management International Review

Gomez and Werner

2004

Journal of Business Research

Gong

2003

Academy of Management Journal

Gong et al.

2007

Strategic Management Journal

Hebert et al.

2005

Organization Science

Herrmann and Datta

2002

Journal of International Business Studies

Hsieh et al.

2010

Journal of International Management

Hutzschenreuter and Voll

2008

Journal of International Business Studies

Isobe et al.

2000

Academy of Management Journal

Jiang et al.

2014

Journal of World Business

Jung et al.

2008

Management International Review

Kallunki et al.

2001

Management International Review

Kim and Gray

2008

Management International Review

Kim and Park

2002

Management International Review

Kim et al.

2012

Journal of International Business Studies

Konopaske et al.

2002

Journal of Business Research

Kumarasinghe and Hoshino

2009

Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting

Lee and Beamish

1995

Journal of International Business Studies

Lee and MacMillan

2008

International Business Review

Lee and Song

2012

Strategic Management Journal

Lee et al.

2013

Journal of International Management

Lee et al.

2014

The International Journal of Human Resource Management

Li et al.

2009

Strategic Management Journal

Lu

2002

Journal of International Business Studies

Lu and Beamish

2006

Journal of Business Venturing

Lu and Hebert

2005

Journal of Business Research

Lu and Xu

2006

Journal of Management

Luo

1997

Organization Science

Luo

1997

Management International Review

Luo

1999

Journal of Business Research

Luo

1999

Journal of Management Studies

Luo

1999

Asia Pacific Journal of Management

Luo

2001

Administrative Science Quarterly

Luo

2001

Journal of International Business Studies

Luo

2002

Journal of Management

Luo

2002

Organization Science

Luo

2002

Strategic Management Journal

Luo

2002

Strategic Management Journal

Luo

2003

Journal of International Business Studies

Luo

2006

Human Relations

Luo and Park

2004

Journal of International Business Studies

Luo and Park

2001

Strategic Management Journal

Luo and Peng

1999

Journal of International Business Studies

Luo and Shenkar

2002

Journal of International Management

Luo and Zhao

2013

Business Society

Luo and Zhao

2004

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Giachetti, C., Manzi, G. & Colapinto, C. Entry Mode Degree of Control, Firm Performance and Host Country Institutional Development: A Meta-Analysis. Manag Int Rev 59, 3–39 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-018-0365-z

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