Abstract
Developing a watermarking method that is robust to cropping attack is a challenging task in image watermarking. The moment-based watermarking schemes show good robustness to common signal processing attacks and some geometric attacks but are sensitive to cropping attack. In this paper, we modify the moment-based approach to deal with cropping attack. Firstly, we find the probability density function (PDF) of the pixel value distribution from the original image. Secondly, we reshape and normalize the pdf of the pixel value distribution (PPVD) to form a two dimensional image. Then, the moment invariants are calculated from the PPVD image. Since PPVD is insensitive to cropping, the proposed method is robust to cropping attack. Besides, it also has high robustness against other common attacks. Theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Y. Xiang, D. Z. Peng, I. Natgunanathan, W. L. Zhou. Effective pseudonoise sequence and decoding function for imperceptibility and robustness enhancement in time-spread echo-based audio watermarking. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 2–13, 2011.
I. Natgunanathan, Y. Xiang, Y. Rong, W. L. Zhou, S. Guo. Robust patchwork-based embedding and decoding scheme for digital audio watermarking. IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 2232–2239, 2012.
Y. Xiang, I. Natgunanathan, D. Z. Peng, W. L. Zhou, S. Yu. A dual-channel time-spread echo method for audio watermarking. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 383–392, 2012.
H. Y. Huang, C. H. Yang, W. H. Hsu. A video watermarking technique based on pseudo-3-D DCT and quantization index modulation. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 625–637, 2010.
S. Pereira, J. J. K. O. Ruanaidh, F. Deguillaume, G. Csurka, T. Pun. Template based recovery of Fourier-based watermarks using log-polar and log-log maps. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing Systems, IEEE, Florence, Italy, pp. 870–874, 1999.
S. Pereira, T. Pun. Robust template matching for affine resistant image watermarks. IEEE Transactions on Image Process., vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 1123–1129, 2000.
P. Bas, J. M. Chassery, B. Macq. Geometrically invariant watermarking using feature points. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 1014–1028, 2002.
J. S. Seo, C. D. Yoo. Image watermarking based on invariant regions of scale-space representation. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1537–1549, 2006.
J. S. Tsai, W. B. Huang, C. L. Chen, Y. H. Kuo. A featurebased digital image watermarking for copyright protection and content authentication. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, IEEE, San Antonio, USA, pp. 469–472, 2007.
X. B. Gao, C. Deng, X. L. Li, D. C. Tao. Geometric distortion insensitive image watermarking in affine covariant regions. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 278–286, 2010.
Y. T. Lin, C. Y. Huang, G. C. Lee. Rotation, scaling, and translation resilient watermarking for images. IET Image Processing, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 328–340, 2011.
J. S. Tsai, W. B. Huang, Y. H. Kuo. On the selection of optimal feature region set for robust digital image watermarking. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 735–743, 2011.
J. J. K. Ruanaidh, T. Pun. Rotation, scale, and translation invariant spread spectrum digital image watermarking. Signal Processing, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 303–317, 1998.
C. Y. Lin, W. Wu, J. A. Bloom, I. J. Cox, M. L. Miller, Y. M. Lui. Rotation, scale, and translation resilient watermarking for images. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 767–782, 2001.
D. Zheng, J. Y. Zhao, A. El Saddik. RST-invariant digital image watermarking based on log-polar mapping and phase correlation. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 753–765, 2003.
M. Alghoniemy, A. H. Tewfik. Geometric invariance in image watermarking. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 145–153, 2004.
P. Dong, J. G. Brankov, N. P. Galatsanos, Y. Yang, F. Davoine. Digital watermarking robust to geometric distortions. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 2140–2150, 2005.
H. Zhang, H. Z. Shu, G. Coatrieux, J. Zhu, Q. M. J. Wu, Y. Zhang, H. Q. Zhu, L. M. Luo. Affine legendre moment invariants for image watermarking robust to geometric distortions. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 2189–2199, 2011.
T. R. Zong, Y. Xiang, S. Elbadry, S. Nahavandi. A modified moment-based image watermarking method robust to cropping attack. In Proceedings of the 8th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, IEEE, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 881–885, 2013.
M. K. Hu. Visual pattern recognition by moment invariants. IRE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 179–187, 1962.
Cambridge in Colour. Understanding Digital Image Interpolation, [Online], Available: http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/imageinterpolation.htm, Sept. 9, 2013.
S. J. Xiang, H. J. Kim, J. W. Huang. Invariant image watermarking based on statistical features in the low-frequency domain. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 777–790, 2008.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This work was partially funded by the Australian Research Council (No.DP110102076).
Recommended by Associate Editor Yi Cao
Tian-Rui Zong graduated from Beihang University, China in 2009. He received the M. Sc. degree from the University of Edinburgh, UK in 2010. He is currently a Ph. D. candidate in Deakin University, Australia.
His research interests include image watermarking and image processing.
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9185-0304
Yong Xiang received the Ph.D. degree in electrical and electronic engineering from The University of Melbourne, Australia. He is a professor and the director of the Artificial Intelligence and Image Processing Research Cluster, School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Australia. He has served as program chair, TPC chair, symposium chair, and session chair for a number of international conferences. He currently serves as associate editor of IEEE Access. Dr. Xiang is a senior member of the IEEE.
His research interests include signal and system estimation, information and network security, multimedia (speech/image/video) processing, and wireless sensor networks.
Suzan Elbadry received the B. Sc. degree in computer science and technology from Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt in 2004. She is currently a Ph.D. candidate in multimedia security from the School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia.
Her research interests include lossless data hiding, digital watermarking and image quality assessment.
Saeid Nahavandi received a Ph.D. degree from Durham University, UK. He is an Alfred Deakin professor, chair of engineering, and the director of the Center for Intelligent Systems Research at Deakin University, Australia. He has published over 500 papers in various international journals and conferences.
His research interests include modeling of complex systems, robotics and haptics.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zong, TR., Xiang, Y., Elbadry, S. et al. Modified moment-based image watermarking method robust to cropping attack. Int. J. Autom. Comput. 13, 259–267 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-015-0926-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-015-0926-6