Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Coastal types of graben: the Gulf of Gökova, Mugla-SW Turkey

  • Published:
Journal of Coastal Conservation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Grabens are formed under the influence of extensional forces in a normal fault system. The Gulf of Gökova is an active graben located in SW Turkey. Active grabens such as the Gökova enclose highly faulted rocky coasts. Despite the existence of these rocky coasts, examination of google earth images, field studies, DEM analysis and previous studies in the Gulf of Gökova graben revealed that there could be different types of coasts in the region. In this study the factors causing the occurrence and potential environmental effects of the diverse coast types are evaluated. By using the Fairbridge (2004) coastal classification system, the coast types identified in the Gulf of Gökova graben can be classified as; A. Soft-less consolidated-erodible; A1: relatively Insoluble: detrital and loose beach, A2: soluble: beachrock and eolinite B. hard-cliffed-rocky, B1: longevity of hard-rock coast and B2: fault controlled cliffs. The percentages of these classes generally decreased from B1 (79%), A1 (12.4%), B2 (8.3%) and A2 (0.3%) in the study area. As a result of longshore currents, A1-type coasts usually develop as large plain adjacent streams and also in pocket beaches as narrow-long strips near rocky coasts. A2 type is observed in one location within the Gökova region, possibly due to local environmental conditions. However, B1 type developed in peridotites, cherty limestone and cliffs probably because of the active fault system and where the fault plane cut the coast, B2 type occurred. Possible threats to the Gökova region can be attributed to sea level rise owing to tectonism and global warming. It is anticipated that inundation, coastal erosion and salt water intrusion may also affect it.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adger WN, Hughes TP, Folke C, Carpenter SR, Rockström J (2005) Social-Ecological Resilience to Coastal Disasters. Science 309:1036–1039

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alçiçek MC (2007) Tectonic development of an orogen-top rift recorded by its terrestrial sedimentation pattern: the Neogene Eşen Baisn of southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Sediment Geol 200:117–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altun NE, Gül M, Kuşcu İ, Kuşcu G, Aktürk S (2009) A Geological approach for the assessment of the legend of the Cleopatra Beach: Investigation of the Origin and Formation Conditions of Ooids by Sedimentological, Mineralogical, Geochemical and Amino-Acid Racemization methods. pp. 38–68 In: (Ed. Adnan Diler) Annex-6. Sedir Island (Kedreai). Preparation and Implementation of the Integrated Management Action Plan in for the Inner Gökova Bay and the Sedir Island within Gökova Special Protected Area Collaboration with Stakeholders, SMAP III Gökova Management Project. p 116

  • Atalay Z (1980) Stratigraphy of continental Neogene in the region of Muğla-Yatağan, Turkey. Geological Bulletin of Turkey 23:93–99 (In Turkish with English Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Balas L, İnan A (2010) Determination of Sediment Transport in Coast and Coastline Changes in Akyaka, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK), Report No: 109Y180, 53 p. (unpublished, in Turkish)

  • Balas L, Inan A, Yılmaz E (2011) Modelling of sediment transport of Akyaka Beach. J Coast Res 64:460–463

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird E (2008) Coastal Geomorphology an Introduction. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, p 436

  • Bird ECF (2000) Coastal geomorphology. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Çağlar İ, Duvarcı E (2001) Geoelectric structure of inland area of the Gökova rift, southwest Anatolia and its tectonic implications. J Geodyn 31:33–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins AS, Robertson AHF (1999) Evolution of the Lycian Allochthon western Turkey, as a north-facing late Palaeozoic to Mesozoic rift and passive continental margin. Geol J 34:107–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cronin TM (2012) Rapid sea-level rise. Quat Sci Rev 56:11–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson Arnott R (2010) An introduction to coastal processes and geomorphology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 458 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies JL (1972) Geographical variation in coastal development. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, p. 204

    Google Scholar 

  • Desruelles S, Fouache E, Çiner A, Dalongeville R, Pavlopoulos K, Kosun E, Coquinot Y, Potdevin JL (2009) Beachrocks and sea level changes since middle Holocene: comparison between the insular group of Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia (Cyclades, Greece) and the southern coast of Turkey. Glob Planet Chang 66:19–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dirik K, Türkmenoğlu A, Tuna N, Dirican M (2003) Neotectonics, Geomorphology of the Datça Peninsula, and Their Impact on Ancient Civilizations Placement and Development, Middle East Technical University Project No: AFP-00-07-03-13, 66 p. (in Turkish)

  • Dora OÖ, Candan O, Kaya O, Koralay E, Dürr S (2001) Revision of “Leptite-gneisses” in the Menderes massif: a supracrustal metasedimentary origin. Int J Earth Sci 89:836–851

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dürr HH, Laruelle GG, Van Kempen CM, Slomp CP, Meybeck M, Middelkoop H (2011) Worldwide typology of Nearshore coastal systems: defining the estuarine filter of river inputs to the oceans. Estuar Coasts 34:441–458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Sammak AA, Tucker M (2002) Ooids from Turkey and Egypt in the eastern Mediterranean and a love-story of Antony and Cleopatra. Facies 46:217–228 PI. 37-39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engelhart SE, Horton BP (2012) Holocene Sea level database for the Atlantic coast of the United States. Quat Sci Rev 54:12–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ercan T, Günay E, Baş H, Can B (1984) Datça Yarımadasındaki Kuvaterner yaşlı volkanik kayaların stratigrafisi ve yapısı. MTA Dergisi 97-98:45–46 (in Turkish with English Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ersoy Ş (1990) The analysis of evolution and structural items of the western Taurus - Lycian – nappes. Journal of Geological Engineering 37:5–16 (in Turkish with English Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ersoy Ş (1991) Stratigraphy and tectonics of the Datça (Muğla) peninsula. Geological Bulletin of Turkey 34:1–14 (in Turkish with English Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ersoy Ş (1993) Transgresif platform karbonat istifine Bozburun (Marmaris, Muğla) Yarımadasından bir örnek. Türk Jeol Bül 36:171–177 (in Turkish with English Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Eseller G (1990) Modern ooids from Sedir Island (Cleopatra Beach). South Aegean Sea. International Earth Sciences Congress on Aegean Region, 101–102. İzmir-Turkey

  • Fairbridge RW (2004) Classification of coasts. J Coast Res 20-1:155–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finkl CW (2004) Coastal classification: systematic approaches to consider in the development of a comprehensive system. J Coast Res 20-1:166–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forde TC, Nedimović MR, Gibling MR, Forbes DL (2016) Coastal evolution over the past 3000 Years at Conrads Beach, Nova Scotia: the influence of local sediment supply on a Paraglacial Transgressive system. Estuar Coasts 39:363–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frihy OE (2001) The necessity of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in implementing coastal projects: lessons learned from the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. Ocean & Coastal Management 44:489–516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furlani S, Pappalardo M, Gómez-Pujol L, Chelli A (2014) Chapter 7: the rock coast of the Mediterranean and black seas. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 40:89–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galili E, Zviely D, Ronen A, Mienis HK (2007) Beach deposits of MIS 5e high sea stand as indicators for tectonic stability of the Carmel coastal plain, Israel. Quat Sci Rev 26:2544–2557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Görür N, Şengör AMC, Sakınç M, Tüysüz O, Akkök R, Yiğitbaş E, Oktay FY, Barka A, Sarıca N, Ecevitoğlu B, Demirbağ E, Ersoy Ş, Algan O, Güneysu C, Aykol A (1995) Rift formation in the Gökova region. Southwest Anatolia: implications for the opening of the Aegean Sea. Geol Mag 132-6:637–650

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Göncüoğlu MC (2010) Introduction to the geology of Turkey: geodynamic evolution of the pre-alpine and alpine terranes. MTA Monography Series, Ankara, pp. 1–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Graciansky PC (1968) Teke yarımadası (Likya) Taraşlarının üst üste gelmiş ünitelerinin stratigrafisi ve Dinaro-Toroslar’daki yeri. MTA Ens, Dergisi 71:73–93 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gül M, Altun NE, Zeybek Ö, Yılmaz Ö (2011) Morphological characteristics of the coastal zone, coastal sediments classification, to investigate the possible effects of sea level rise in between the Akyaka and Ören (Mugla), Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Research Fund Project, Project No: BAP 10–20, 54p. (unpublished in Turkish)

  • Gül M, Kurt MA, Zorlu K (2008a) The effects of global warming and sea level rise in and around the centre of Mersin Province monitored until the end of the twenty-firstcentury, Mersin Symposium, 19–22 November 2008, Proceedings, Mersin. (in Turkish)

  • Gül M, Özbek A, Karayakar F, Kurt MA (2008b) Biodegradation effects over different types of coastal rocks. Environmental Geology International Journal of Geosciences 55:1601–1611

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gül M, Özbek A, Kurt MA, Zorlu K (2009) Controlling factors of the recent clastic coastal sediments (Viranşehir, Mersin Bay-S Turkey). Environmental Geology International Journal of Geosciences 57-4:809–822

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gürer F, Yılmaz Y (2002) Geology of the Ören and surrounding regions, SW Turkey. Turk J Earth Sci 11:2–18

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Core Writing Team, Pachauri RK, Meyer LA (eds). IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, p 151

  • Johnson DW (1919) Shore processes and shoreline development. Wiley, New York, 584p

    Google Scholar 

  • Karymbalis E, Seni A (2005) Coastal geomorphology and future sea-level rise impacts at the Eastern Gulf of Argos. In: Ozhan E (ed) Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment, MEDCOAST 05, 25–29 October 2005, Kuşadası-Turkey, 1287–1298

  • Kuleli T (2010) City-based risk assessment of sea level rise using topographic and census data for the Turkish coastal zone. Estuar Coasts 33:640–651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurt H, Demirbağ E, Kuşçu İ (1999) Investigation of the submarine active tectonism in the Gulf of Gökova, southwest Anatolia–southeast Aegean Sea, by multi-channel seismic reflection data. Tectonophysics 305:477–496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leeder MR (1982) Sedimentology, process and product. Chapman and Hall, USA, 344 p

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mörner NA (2005) Sea level changes and crustal movements with special aspects on the eastern Mediterranean. In: Fouache E, Paulopoulos K (eds) Sea level change in eastern Mediterranean during Holocene – indicators and human impacts, annals of Geomorphologie supplemented volume: 137. Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, Stuttgart, pp. 91–102

    Google Scholar 

  • MTA (2014) http://www.mta.gov.tr/v2.0/daire-baskanliklari/jed/images/urunler/sayisal_pafta_yeni.jpg. Accessed 01.12.2015

  • Okay AI (1989) Geology of the Menderes Massif and the Lycian nappes south of Denizli, western Taurides. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration of Turkey 109:37–51

  • Owens EH (1994) Canadian Coastal Environments, Shoreline Processes, and Oil Spill Cleanup. Ottawa, Ontario: Environment Canada, Environmental Emergency Branch Report EPS 3/SP/5, p 328

  • Özer S, Sözbilir H, Özkar I, Toker V, Sarı B (2001) Stratigraphy of upper cretaceous–Palaeogene sequences in the southern and eastern Menderes massif (western Turkey). Internaional Journal of Earth Sciences 89:852–866

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Özhan E (1990) The legend of Cleopatra Beach: May it be true? Eurocoast. Marseilles, pp 98–103

  • Palyvos N, Pantosti D, De Martini PM, Lemeille F, Sorel D, Pavlopoulos K (2005) The Aigion–Neos Erineos coastal normal fault system (western Corinth gulf rift, Greece): geomorphological signature, recent earthquake history, and evolution. J Geophys Res 110:15B09302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pirazzoli PA, Pluet J (1991) World Atlas of Holocene Sea-Level Changes. Elsevier Oceanography Series 58: p 311

  • Reinson GE (1992) Transgressive Barrier Island and estuarine systems, In: Walker RG, James NP (eds) Facies models; response to sea level change, Geological Association of Canada pp 179–194

  • Shepard FP (1948) Submarine geology. Harper, New York, p. 348

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunamura T (1992) Geomorphology of rocky coasts. Wiley, New York, 302p

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner RJ (2005) Beachrock. In: Schwartz ML (ed) Encyclopedia of coastal science. Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands, pp. 183–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Uluğ A, Kaşer N (2007) Structure and Seismicity of the Ören Delta in the Gulf of Gökova, Southeastern Aegean Sea,6th National Coastal Engineering Symposium (Ulusal Kıyı Mühendisliği Sempozyumu), Proceedings İzmir, pp. 453–458, (in Turkish, with English Abstract)

  • Uluğ A, Duman TM, Ersoy Ş, Özel E, Avcı M (2005) Late Quaternary Sea-level change, sedimentation and neotectonics of the Gulf of Gökova: southeastern Aegean Sea. Mar Geol 221:381–395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNEP/MAP (2012) State of the Mediterranean marine and coastal environment. UNEP/MAP – Barcelona Convention, Athens, p. 96

    Google Scholar 

  • Üşenmez S, Varol B, Friedman G, Tekin E (1993) Modern ooids of Cleopatra beach. Gökova (south Aegean Sea) Turkey: results from petrography and scanning electron microscopy. Carbonates Evaporites 8:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors wished to thank Anonymous reviewers and the Editor in Chief Dr. David Richard Green for their valuable contributions.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geological Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University, 48100, Kotekli-Muğla, Turkey

    Murat Gül, Iliya Bauchi Danladi & Basiru Mohammed Kore

Authors
  1. Murat Gül
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Iliya Bauchi Danladi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Basiru Mohammed Kore
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Murat Gül.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gül, M., Danladi, I.B. & Kore, B.M. Coastal types of graben: the Gulf of Gökova, Mugla-SW Turkey. J Coast Conserv 21, 127–138 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-016-0481-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-016-0481-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation