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Stem Cells for Temporomandibular Joint Repair and Regeneration

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Abstract

Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) represent a heterogeneous group of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions involving the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), masticatory muscles and/or associated structures. They are a major cause of non-dental orofacial pain. As a group, they are often multi-factorial in nature and have no common etiology or biological explanations. TMD can be broadly divided into masticatory muscle and TMJ disorders. TMJ disorders are characterized by intra-articular positional and/or structural abnormalities. The most common type of TMJ disorders involves displacement of the TMJ articular disc that precedes progressive degenerative changes of the joint leading to osteoarthritis (OA). In the past decade, progress made in the development of stem cell-based therapies and tissue engineering have provided alternative methods to attenuate the disease symptoms and even replace the diseased tissue in the treatment of TMJ disorders. Resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been isolated from the synovia of TMJ, suggesting an important role in the repair and regeneration of TMJ. The seminal discovery of pluripotent stem cells including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have provided promising cell sources for drug discovery, transplantation as well as for tissue engineering of TMJ condylar cartilage and disc. This review discusses the most recent advances in development of stem cell-based treatments for TMJ disorders through innovative approaches of cell-based therapeutics, tissue engineering and drug discovery.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from the National University Healthcare System, National University of Singapore (R221000067133, R221000070733, R221000077733 and R221000083112) and National Medical Research Council Singapore (R221000080511).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 11 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119083, Singapore

    Shipin Zhang, Adrian U. J. Yap & Wei Seong Toh

  2. Department of Dentistry, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Tower A, 1 Jurong East Street 21, Singapore, 609606, Singapore

    Adrian U. J. Yap

  3. Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117510, Singapore

    Wei Seong Toh

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Zhang, S., Yap, A.U.J. & Toh, W.S. Stem Cells for Temporomandibular Joint Repair and Regeneration. Stem Cell Rev and Rep 11, 728–742 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-015-9604-x

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