Abstract
Copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) in different ratios were prepared by free radical polymerization using 2,\(2^\prime \)-azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator at \(60{^{\circ }}\hbox {C}\). The copolymers were analysed by Fourier transform infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Thermal behaviours were determined by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC measurements showed that the glass transition temperature (\(T_{\mathrm{g}})\) of poly(HEMA) and poly(NIPAM) was 100 and \(140{^{\circ }}\hbox {C}\), respectively. Electrical properties (dielectric constant, dielectric loss and alternating current conductivity) of polymers and composites prepared with graphite were investigated by using an impedance analyser, in the range of 10–20 kHz. While the dielectric constant values vary from 3.3 to 4.01 for copolymers at 1 kHz, these values are increased about 10 times for composites doped with 10 wt% graphite. Similarly, the dielectric loss and conductivity values were fairly high for composites. The conductivity values of composites doped with 10 wt% graphite showed a significant increase and the insoluble polymer became semiconducting. It was observed that the electrical properties of graphite-added composites at different ratios (8, 9 and 10 wt%) increased with the increase in graphite ratio for all polymers. In addition, the direct current conductivity of composites doped with 10 wt% graphite was examined according to the temperature and the activation energy (\(E_{\mathrm{a}})\) values were calculated.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Li Y C, Tjong S C and Li R K Y 2014 Synth. Met. 160 1912
Kuan H C, Ma C C M, Chen K H and Chen S M 2004 Power Sources 134 7
Sumita M, Sakata K, Asai S, Miyasaka K and Nakagawa H 1991 Polym. Bull. 25 265
Ma P C, Siddiqui N A, Marom G and Kim J K 2010 Compos. A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 41 1345
Kuilla T, Bhadra S, Yao D, Kim N H, Bose S and Lee J H 2010 Prog. Polym. Sci. 30 1350
Sengupta R, Bhattacharya M, Bandyopadhyay S and Bhowmick A K 2011 Prog. Polym. Sci. 36 638
Panwar V, Park J O, Park S H, Kumar S and Mehra R M 2010 J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 115 1306
Calame J P 2006 J. Appl. Phys. 99 084101
Xu K, Erricolo D, Dutta M and Stroscio M A 2012 Superlattices Microstruct. 51 606
Kim H S, Na J H, Jung Y C and Kim S Y 2016 J. Non-Cryst. Solids 450 75
Ahlatcıoglu Ozerol E, Senkal B F and Okutan M 2015 Microelectron. Eng. 146 76
Shioyama H, Tatsumi K and Iwashita N 1998 Synth. Met. 96 229
Azeem S and Zain-ul-Abdein M 2012 Int. J. Eng. Sci. 52 30
Panwar V and Mehra R M 2008 Eur. Polym. J. 44 2367
Chen G H, Wu D J, Weng W G, He B and Yan W L 2001 Polym. Int. 50 980
Zheng W, Lu X and Wong S C 2004 J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 91 2781
Chen G H, Weng W G, Wu D J and Wu C L 2003 Eur. Polym. J. 39 2329
Greenhoe B M, Hassan M K, Wiggins J S and Mauritz K A 2016 J. Polym. Sci. P. Phys. 54 1918
Wei T, Jin C Q, Zhong W and Liu J M 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 222907
He B F, Lau S and Chan H L and Fan 2009 J. Adv. Mater. 21 710
Panda M, Srinivas P V and Thakur A K 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 132905
Biryan F and Demirelli K 2017 Fiber. Polym. 18 1629
Tantis I and Psarras G C and Tasis 2012 Express Polym. Lett. 6 283
Mohomed K, Moussy F and Harmon J P 2006 Polymer 47 3856
Pradhan D K, Choudhary R N P and Samantaray B K 2008 Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 3 597
Panda R K, Muduli R, Kar S K and Behera D 2014 J. Alloys Compd. 615 899
Sivakumar N, Narayanasamy A, Jeyadevan B, Justin Joseyphus R and Venkateswaran C 2008 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41 245001
Srivastava N K and Mehra R M 2008 J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 109 3991
Lai M, Yu S and Sun R 2014 Mater. Lett. 122 45
Goyal R K, Jagadale P A and Mulik U P 2009 J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 111 2071
Shubha A, Manohara S R and Gerward L 2017 J. Mol. Liq. 247 328
Samanta S, Jana K, Gupta K, Nayak A and Ghosh U C 2016 Mater. Chem. Phys. 182 173
Kar E, Bose N, Dutta B, Mukherjee N and Mukherjee S 2017 Eur. Polym. J. 90 442
Paszkiewicz S, Szymczyk A, Pilawka R, Przybyszewski B, Czulak A and RosŁaniec Z 2017 Adv. Polym. Technol. 36 21611
Twombly B and Shepard D D 1994 Instrum. Sci. Technol. 22 259
George S, Varghese K T and Thomas S 1999 J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 73 255
Nair A B, Kurian P and Joseph R 2013 Eur. Polym. J. 49 247
Zheng W and Wong S C 2003 Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 225
Linares A, Canalda J C, Cagiao M E, García-Gutierrez M C, Nogales A, Martín-Gullon I et al 2008 Macromolecules 41 7090
Milani A M, Gonzalez D, Quijada R, Benavente R, Arranz-Andres J and Galland G B 2015 Polymer 65 134
Sartale S D, Sankapal B R, Steiner M L and Ennaui A 2005 Thin Solid Films 480 168
Lokhande C D, Lee E H, Jung K D and Joo Q S 2005 Mater. Chem. Phys. 91 200
Goudarzi A, Motedayen Aval G, Sahraei R and Ahmadpoor H 2008 Thin Solid Films 516 4953
Goudarzi A, Dorbeygi N A and Ha C S 2014 RSC Adv. 4 59764
Miyamoto T and Shibayama K 1973 J. Appl. Phys. 44 5372
Famiza L, Madzlan A, Nasir K, Ali A M M and Muhd Z Y 2006 J. Power Sources 159 1401
Jeon J D, Kwak S Y and Cho B W 2005 Electrochem. Soc. 152 A1583
Koduru H K, Marino L, Scarpelli F, Petrov A G, Marinov Y G, Hadjichristov G B et al 2017 Curr. Appl. Phys. 17 1518
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Torğut, G., Biryan, F. & Demirelli, K. Effect of graphite particle fillers on dielectric and conductivity properties of poly(NIPAM-co-HEMA). Bull Mater Sci 42, 244 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-019-1915-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-019-1915-0