Abstract
Fruits have been the focus of several studies aimed at finding new antioxidant sources for protection against the damage caused by reactive species. In this study, the antioxidant activity and the presence of phenolic compounds in all parts (peel, pulp, and seeds) of Eugenia involucrata DC. fruits were evaluated. DPPH·, ABTS·+, and ORAC methods were used to determine the antioxidant activity, and an UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed for determining the phenolic compounds (gallic, chlorogenic, ferulic, p-coumaric and ellagic acids, quercetin, and myricetin). In the determination of both antioxidant activity and phenolic composition, the efficiency of solvents with different polarities—methanol/H2O (80:20, v/v), ethanol/H2O (80:20, v/v), methanol/acidified water with phosphoric acid pH 3.00 (80:20, v/v), and ethyl acetate—for the extraction of the phenolic compounds, was also evaluated. All parts of E. involucrata fruits showed antioxidant activity, in the range of 36.68 ± 1.44 to 873.87 ± 18.24 μmol TE g−1, being the highest values found in the seeds and peel when more polar extraction solvents were used. Six, five, and three phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the pulp, peel, and seeds, respectively, with the highest abundance as p-coumaric acid (14 ± 2 mg kg−1) in the pulp, quercetin (47 ± 5 mg kg−1) in the peel, and gallic acid (74 ± 4 mg kg−1) in the seeds, also when more polar solvents were used. Although antioxidant activity methods suggested that the peel and seeds have more antioxidant potential, a wider variety of compounds were determined in the pulp.
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr. Mariana Bünger and the Herbarium of State University of Maringá (HUEM) for the identification and authentication of the E. involucrata plant.
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Antonio Eduardo Nicácio declares that he has no conflict of interest. Eliza Mariane Rotta declares that she has no conflict of interest. Joana Schuelter Boeing declares that she has no conflict of interest. Érica Oliveira Barizão declares that she has no conflict of interest. Elza Kimura declares that she has no conflict of interest. Jesui Vergilio Visentainer declares that she has no conflict of interest. Liane Maldaner declares that she has no conflict of interest.
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This study was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação Araucária, and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).
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Nicácio, A.E., Rotta, E.M., Boeing, J.S. et al. Antioxidant Activity and Determination of Phenolic Compounds from Eugenia involucrata DC. Fruits by UHPLC-MS/MS. Food Anal. Methods 10, 2718–2728 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-017-0840-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-017-0840-3