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Estimating Adult Pacific Salmon Energy Use in Coastal British Columbia and the Fraser River Estuary with Acoustic Accelerometer Transmitters

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Abstract

Energy depletion is a significant concern for animals that migrate long distances on fixed energy budgets. Migrating adult Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) cease feeding in the ocean and are entirely reliant on endogenous energy stores to successfully complete their subsequent freshwater migration and spawn. Most research on adult salmon energy use has focused on the riverine component of the migration, yet the coastal migration could be energetically costly, particularly in estuarine areas where temperatures can be warm and tidal currents turbulent. We compared the relative energetic costs of salmon migrations through coastal, estuarine, and riverine areas by tagging and tracking 38 adult sockeye salmon with acoustic tri-axial accelerometer transmitters for over 200 km along the British Columbian coast and through the Fraser River estuary. Accelerometer output was converted to temperature-specific rates of oxygen consumption. Oxygen consumption rates were twice as high in the riverine compared to coastal marine regions (including the estuary), driven largely by higher swim speeds. Oxygen consumption rates were also influenced by diel period, where energy use was higher during mid-day; however, we found no evidence that tidal cycles influenced energy use. Despite higher oxygen consumption rates in the Fraser River, cost of transport (kJ−1 kg−1 km) was highest in Seymour Narrows (a narrow coastal region with high tidal flushing), consistent with previous research showing this is a potentially challenging area for migrating salmon. Overall, we have demonstrated that coastal marine energy use is an important component of the spawning migration energy budget for Pacific salmon.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the members of the Hinch and Cooke labs, especially E. Martins, C. Middleton, and M. Drenner. M. Griswold and P. Griswold assisted in fish collection and Seymour Narrows receiver deployment. Kintama Research Services, especially D. Welch, P. Winchell, E. Rechisky, and A. Porter for receiver maintenance and data collection for NSOG and Fraser River receivers. We also thank the members of the DFO Molecular Genetics Lab for stock identification and DFO Environmental Watch Program, especially D.A. McKay for assistance catching fish, and processing sex determination assays. Finally, we thank Canada’s Ocean Tracking Network and their funders (NSERC and CFI), and NSERC for CGS-M and Ontario Graduate Scholarship to S.M.W and NSERC for a postdoctoral fellowship to E.J.E. Additional support was provided in the form of NSERC Discovery Grants to S.J.C. and S.G.H. S.J.C. was also supported by the Canada Research Chairs program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada

    S. M. Wilson & S. J. Cooke

  2. Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada

    S. M. Wilson & S. J. Cooke

  3. Earth To Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada

    S. M. Wilson

  4. Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada

    S. G. Hinch & E. J. Eliason

  5. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada

    D. A. Patterson

  6. Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA

    E. J. Eliason

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  1. S. M. Wilson
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  2. S. G. Hinch
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  3. D. A. Patterson
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  4. E. J. Eliason
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  5. S. J. Cooke
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Correspondence to S. M. Wilson.

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Communicated by Kevin M. Boswell

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Wilson, S.M., Hinch, S.G., Patterson, D.A. et al. Estimating Adult Pacific Salmon Energy Use in Coastal British Columbia and the Fraser River Estuary with Acoustic Accelerometer Transmitters. Estuaries and Coasts 45, 2134–2150 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-022-01055-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-022-01055-z

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