Skip to main content
Log in

Who are People Willing to Date? Ethnic and Gender Patterns in Online Dating

  • Published:
Race and Social Problems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The United States is a rapidly diversifying country with ethnic minorities comprising over a quarter of the US population. By the year 2050, over half of the United States will be ethnic minority, underscoring the importance of better understanding race relations and willingness to date intra- and inter-racially. Data from 2,123 online dating profiles were randomly collected from four racial groups (Asian, Black, Latino, and White). Results indicated that willingness to date intra-racially was generally high and that willingness to date inter-racially was lower and influenced by racial social status. Because men evidenced an overall high willingness to date inter-racially, women’s willingness to out-date provided a more accurate depiction of racial social status and exchange. Women of higher racial status groups were less willing than those from lower status groups to outdate. Results are explored and discussed in relation to different theories of interpersonal attraction and dating.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batson, C. D., Qian, Z., & Lichter, D. T. (2006). Interracial and intraracial patterns of mate selection among America’s diverse Black populations. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 658–672.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bethea, P. D. (1995). African-American women and the male-female relationship dilemma: A counseling perspective. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 2, 87–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonilla-Silva, E. (2004). From bi-racial to tri-racial: Towards a new system of racial stratification in the USA. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27, 931–950.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourgeault, R. (1989). Race, class, and gender: Colonial domination of Indian women. Socialist Studies, 5, 87–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, D. M., & Schmidt, D. P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary prospective on human mating. Psychological Review, 100, 204–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, D., London, O., & Reeves, K. (1968). The effects of physical attractiveness, sex, and attitude similarity on interpersonal attraction. Journal of Personality, 36, 259–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, C. H. (1996). Feminization of Asian (American) men in the U.S. mass media: An analysis of the ballad of little Jo. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 20, 57–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, A. S. (1999). Lives at the center of the periphery, lives at the periphery of the center—Chinese American masculinities and bargaining with hegemony. Gender and Society, 13, 584–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Childs, E. C. (2005). Looking behind the stereotypes of the ‘angry Black woman’: An exploration of Black women’s responses to interracial relationships. Gender & Society, 19, 544–561.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chua, P., & Fujino, D. C. (1999). Negotiating new Asian-American masculinities: Attitudes and gender expectations. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 7, 391–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, K. B., & Clark, M. B. (1939). The development of consciousness of self and the emergence of racial identification in Negro preschool children. Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 591–599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coltrane, S., & Messineo, M. (2000). The perpetuation of subtle prejudice: Race and gender imagery in 1990s television advertising. Sex Roles, 42, 363–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craig-Henderson, K. M. (2006). Black men in interracial relationships: What’s love got to do with it?. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, K. (1941). Intermarriage in caste societies. American Anthropologist, 43, 376–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feliciano, C., Robnett, B., & Komaie, G. (2009). Gendered racial exclusion among White internet daters. Social Science Research, 38, 39–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fordham, S. (1993). “Those loud Black girls”: (Black) women, silence, and gender “passing” in the academy. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 24, 3–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fu, X., & Heaton, T. B. (2000). Status exchange in intermarriage among Hawaiians, Japanese, Filipinos and Caucasians in Hawaii: 1983–1994. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 31, 45–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujino, D. C. (1997). The rates, patterns and reasons for forming heterosexual interracial dating relationships among Asian Americans. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14, 809–828.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fujino, D. C. (2000). Structural and individual influences affecting racialized dating relationships. In C. J. Lau (Ed.), Relationship among Asian American women (pp. 181–209). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gaines, S. O., & Leaver, J. (2002). Interracial relationships. In R. Goodwin (Ed.), Inappropriate relationships: The unconventional, the disapproved, and the forbidden (pp. 65–78). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, S. D., Vazire, S., Srivastava, S., & John, O. P. (2004). Should we trust web-based studies? A comparative analysis of six preconceptions about internet questionnaires. American Psychologist, 59, 93–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graves, J. L., Jr. (2005). The race myth: Why we pretend race exists in America?. New York, NY: Dutton Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grieco, E. M., & Cassidy, R. C. (2000). Overview of race and Hispanic origin: Census 2000 brief. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, C. I. (2009). Asian American women: The nail that sticks out is hammered down. In N. Tewari & A. N. Alvarez (Eds.), Asian American psychology: Current perspectives (pp. 193–209). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, D. R., & Ono, H. (2005). How many interracial marriages would there be if all groups were of equal size in all places? A new look at national estimates of interracial marriage. Social Science Research, 34, 236–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, M. E. (2002). Skin color and the perception of attractiveness among African Americans: Does gender make a difference? Social Psychology Quarterly, 65, 77–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hitsch, G. J., Hortascsu, A., & Ariely, D. (2006). What makes you click? Mate preferences and matching outcomes in online. MIT Sloan Research No. 4603-06. Retrieved March 19, 2010, from http://ssrn.com/abstract=895442.

  • Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63, 597–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horton, J. O., & Horton, L. E. (2004). Slavery and the making of America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, C., Hollander, M. J., & Martinez, A. W. (2009). Hispanic acculturation in a predominately Black high school: Application of an adapted model. Hispanic Journal of Behavior Science, 31, 32–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, M. L. (2002). If you’re light you’re alright. Gender & Society, 16, 175–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, S. S., Saenz, R., & Aguirre, B. E. (1995). The SES selectivity of interracially married Asians. International Migration Review, 29, 469–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iwamoto, D. K., & Liu, W. M. (2009). Asian American men and Asianized attribution: Intersections of masculinity, race, and sexuality. In N. Tewari & A. N. Alvarez (Eds.), Asian American psychology: Current perspectives (pp. 211–232). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, C. P. (2000). Levels of racism: A theoretical framework and a gardener’s tale. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 1212–1215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, N. A. (2005). We the people of more than one race in the United States. Census 2000 Special Reports CENSR-22. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau.

  • Joyner, K., & Kao, G. (2005). Interracial relationships and the transition to adulthood. American Sociological Review, 70, 563–581.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, A., & McGaughey, T. A. (1977). Distance and liking: When moving close produces increased liking. Sociometry, 40, 138–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalmijin, M. (1993). Trends in Black/White intermarriage. Social Forces, 72, 119–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kertzer, D. I. (1983). Generation as a sociological problem. Annual Review of Sociology, 9, 125–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, C. J. (2004). Imagining race and nation in multiculturalist America. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27, 987–1005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kreider, R. M., & Simmons, T. (2003). Marital status: 2000. Retrieved March 19, 2010, from http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-30.pdf.

  • Levin, S., Taylor, P. L., & Caudle, E. (2007). Interethnic and interracial dating in college: A longitudinal study. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24, 323–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J. H., Campbell, S. M., & Condie, H. (1995). Ethnocentrism in dating preferences for an American sample: The ingroup bias in social context. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 95–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lofquist, D., Lugaila, T., O’Connell, M., & Feliz, S. (2012). Households and families: 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2012, from http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-14.pdf.

  • Loving v. Virginia. (1967). 388 U.S. 1.

  • Lydon, J. E., Jamieson, D. W., & Zanna, M. P. (1988). Interpersonal similarity and the social and intellectual dimensions of first impressions. Social Cognition, 6, 269–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madden, M., & Lenhart, A. (2006). Online dating. Washington, DC: Pew Internet and American Life Project.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAdoo, H. P. (1988). Black families. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merton, R. K. (1941). Intermarriage and the social structure: Fact and theory. Psychiatry, 4, 361–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, S. C., Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2004). Perceived reactions to interracial romantic relationships: When race is used as a cue to status. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 7, 354–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R., Perlman, D., & Brehm, S. (2006). Intimate relationships. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mok, T. A. (1999). Asian American dating: Important factors in partner choice. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 5, 103–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morry, M. M. (2007). Relationship satisfaction as a predictor of perceived similarity among cross-sex friends: A test of the attraction-similarity model. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24, 117–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullings, L. (1994). Images, ideology, and women of color. In M. B. Zinn & B. T. Dill (Eds.), Women of color in U.S. society (pp. 265–290). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murstein, B. I., Merighi, J. R., & Malloy, T. E. (1989). Physical attractiveness and exchange theory in interracial dating. Journal of Social Psychology, 129, 325–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newcomb, T. M. (1963). Stabilities underlying changes in interpersonal attraction. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 376–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2000). Does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Recent meta-analytic findings. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 93–114). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyke, K. D. (2010). What is internalized racial oppression and why don’t we study it? Acknowledging Racism’s hidden injuries. Sociological Perspectives, 53, 551–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qian, Z. (1997). Breaking the racial barriers: Variations in interracial marriage between 1980 and 1990. Demography, 34, 263–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qian, Z., & Lichter, D. T. (2007). Social boundaries and marital assimilation: Interpreting trends in racial and ethnic intermarriage. American Sociological Review, 72, 68–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, T., & O’Connell, M. (2003). Married-couple and unmarried-partner households: 2000. Retrieved March 19, 2010, from http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/censr-5.pdf.

  • Smith, A. (2003). Not an Indian tradition: The sexual colonization of native peoples. Hypatia, 18, 70–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, M. B., & Mitchell-Kernan, C. (Eds.). (1995). The decline in marriage among African Americans. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H., & Kao, G. (2007). Does higher socioeconomic status increase contact between minorities and Whites? An examination of interracial romantic relationships among adolescents. Social Science Quarterly, 88, 146–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D. S., & Jacobson, C. K. (1995). White attitudes toward Black and White interracial marriage. In C. K. Jacobsen (Ed.), American families: Issues in race and ethnicity. Garland library of sociology (pp. 353–367). New York: Garland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yancey, G. (2002). Who interracially dates: An examination of the characteristics of those who have interracially dated. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 33, 179–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yancey, G. (2007). Homogamy over the net: Using internet advertisements to discover who interracially dates. Journal of Social Personal Relationships, 24, 913–930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yancey, G. (2009). Cross racial differences in the racial preferences of potential dating partners: A test of the alienation of African Americans and social dominance orientation. The Sociological Quarterly, 50, 121–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yancey, G., & Yancey, S. (1998). Interracial dating: Evidence from the personal advertisements. Journal of Family Issues, 19, 334–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This manuscript was partially supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) grant 1R34MH73545-01A2 and the Asian American Center on Disparities Research (NIMH grant: 1P50MH073511-01A2).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wei-Chin Hwang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hwang, WC. Who are People Willing to Date? Ethnic and Gender Patterns in Online Dating. Race Soc Probl 5, 28–40 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-012-9082-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-012-9082-6

Keywords

Navigation