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Self-Reported Cognitive Frailty Predicts Adverse Health Outcomes for Community-Dwelling Older Adults Based on an Analysis of Sex and Age

  • Published:
The journal of nutrition, health & aging

Abstract

Objectives

The present study examined whether the combination of self-reported mobility decline (SR-MD) and cognitive decline (SR-CD) was associated with mortality and new long-term care insurance (LTCI) service certifications based on sex and age.

Design

A prospective cohort study.

Setting and Participants

We analyzed cohort data from a sample of older adult residents in Kami Town, Japan. The response rate was 94.3%, and we followed 5,094 older adults for 3 years. Full analyses were conducted on 5,076 participants.

Measures

A total of four groups were determined through self-reported responses on the Kihon Checklist for SR-MD (a score of 3 or more on 5 items) and SR-CD (a score of 1 or more on 3 items): non-SR-cognitive frailty, non-SR-MD & SR-CD, SR-MD & non-SR-CD, and SR-cognitive frailty.

Results

Main outcomes included mortality (n = 262) or new certifications for LTCI services (n = 708) during the 3-year period. Excluding overlapping, this included 845 older adults (16.6%). Among men, prevalence of non-SR-cognitive frailty, non-SR-MD & SR-CD, SR-MD & non-SR-CD, and SR-cognitive frailty (SR-MD & SR-CD) was 48.2%, 26.4%, 11.5%, and 13.8%, respectively. Respective rates for women were 45.7%, 15.5%, 23.1%, and 15.7%. Multivariate analyses revealed that for men, SR-MD & non-SR-CD significantly affected adverse health outcomes, leading to earlier negative outcomes relative to the non-SR-MD & SR-CD group. For women, non-SR-MD & SR-CD and SR-MD & non-SR-CD had similar slopes.

Conclusions

The impact of SR-MD or SR-CD on adverse health outcomes differed as a function of age and sex. Thus, we need to consider preventive approaches according to these specific target group features.

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Acknowledgements

We are extremely grateful to all the study participants and staff from the Kami Town Hall, who assisted with this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan

    Mika Okura

  2. Department of Clinical Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan

    M. Ogita

  3. National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan

    H. Arai

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  1. Mika Okura
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Correspondence to Mika Okura.

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Okura, M., Ogita, M. & Arai, H. Self-Reported Cognitive Frailty Predicts Adverse Health Outcomes for Community-Dwelling Older Adults Based on an Analysis of Sex and Age. J Nutr Health Aging 23, 654–664 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-019-1217-7

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