Abstract
This article focuses on the microstructural evolution and wear behavior of 50wt%WC reinforced Ni-based composites prepared onto 304 stainless steel substrates by vacuum sintering at different sintering temperatures. The microstructure and chemical composition of the coatings were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The wear resistance of the coatings was tested by thrust washer testing. The mechanisms of the decomposition, dissolution, and precipitation of primary carbides, and their influences on the wear resistance have been discussed. The results indicate that the coating sintered at 1175°C is composed of fine WC particles, coarse M6C (M=Ni, Fe, Co, etc.) carbides, and discrete borides dispersed in solid solution. Upon increasing the sintering temperature to 1225°C, the microstructure reveals few incompletely dissolved WC particles trapped in larger M6C, Cr-rich lamellar M23C6, and M3C2 in the austenite matrix. M23C6 and M3C2 precipitates are formed in both the γ/M6C grain boundary and the matrix. These large-sized and lamellar brittle phases tend to weaken the wear resistance of the composite coatings. The wear behavior is controlled simultaneously by both abrasive wear and adhesive wear. Among them, abrasive wear plays a major role in the wear process of the coating sintered at 1175°C, while the effect of adhesive wear is predominant in the coating sintered at 1225°C.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
D.S. Xiong, Lubrication behavior of Ni-Cr-based alloys containing MoS2 at high temperature, Wear, 251(2001), No. 1, p. 1094.
S.H. Si, X.M. Yuan, Y.L. Liu, Y.Z. He, and S. Keesam, Effect of laser power on microstructure and wear resistance of WCP/Ni cermet coating, J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 13(2006), No. 3, p. 74.
Q. Li, T.C. Lei, and W.Z. Chen, Microstructural characterization of WCp reinforced Ni-Cr-B-Si-C composite coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 114(1999), No. 2–3, p. 285.
N. Espallargas, J. Berget, J.M. Guilemany, A.V. Benedetti, and P.H. Suegama, Cr3C2-NiCr and WC-Ni thermal spray coatings as alternatives to hard chromium for erosion-corrosion resistance, Surf. Coat. Technol., 202(2008), No. 8, p. 1405.
M. Aristizabal, N. Rodriguez, F. Ibarreta, R. Martinez, and J.M. Sanchez, Liquid phase sintering and oxidation resistance of WC-Ni-Co-Cr cemented carbides, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 28(2010), No. 4, p. 516.
C. Guo, J.M. Chen, J.S. Zhou, J.R. Zhao, L.Q. Wang, Y.J. Yu, and H.D. Zhou, Effects of WC-Ni content on microstructure and wear resistance of laser cladding Ni-based alloys coating, Surf. Coat. Technol., 206(2012), No. 8–9, p. 2064.
C.M. Fernandes, A.M.R. Senos, and M.T. Vieira, Control of eta carbide formation in tungsten carbide powders sputter-coated with (Fe/Ni/Cr), Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 25(2007), No. 4, p. 310.
J. Wang, L.Z. Zhou, X.Z. Qin, L.Y. Sheng, J.S. Hou, and J.T. Guo, Primary MC decomposition and its effects on the rupture behaviors in hot-corrosion resistant Ni-based superalloy K444, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 553(2012), p. 14.
A. Antoni-Zdziobek, J.Y. Shen, and M. Durand-Charre, About one stable and three metastable eutectic microconstituents in the Fe-W-C system, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 26(2008), No. 4, p. 372.
C.M. Fang, M.A. van Huis, and H.W. Zandbergen, Stability and structures of the CFCC-TmC phases: a first-principles study, Comput. Mater. Sci., 51(2012), No. 1, p. 146.
C.M. Fernandes, V. Popovich, M. Matos, A.M.R. Senos, and M.T. Vieira, Carbide phases formed in WC-M (M=Fe/Ni/Cr) systems, Ceram. Int., 35(2009), No. 1, p. 369.
B. Djerdjare, S. Lebaili, and S. Lay, Microstructural study of (Co-Ni-Fe) based alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 475(2008), No. 1–2, p. 336.
Z.L. Li, Y.H. Jiang, X.M. Ye, and R. Zhou, Dissolution of tungsten carbide particulates (WC) in the matrix of WC reinforced gray cast iron matrix composite, Acta Mater. Compos. Sin., 24(2007), No. 2, p. 13.
C.M. Fernandes and A.M.R. Senos, Cemented carbide phase diagrams: a review, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 29(2011), No. 4, p. 405.
G.H. Bai, J.S. Li, R. Hu, T.B. Zhang, H.C. Kou, and H.Z. Fu, Effect of thermal exposure on the stability of carbides in Ni-Cr-W based superalloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 528(2011), No. 6, p. 2339.
T.S. Jo, J.H. Lim, and Y.D. Kim, Dissociation of Cr-rich M23C6 carbide in Alloy 617 by severe plastic deformation, J. Nucl. Mater., 406(2010), No. 3, p. 360.
Y.C. Lin and Y.C. Chen, Reinforcements affect mechanical properties and wear behaviors of WC clad layer by gas tungsten arc welding, Mater. Des., 45(2013), p. 6.
J.N. Li, H.Q. Li, M. Wang, S.F. Wang, Q. Ji, M. Li, and J. Chi, Applications of WC-based composites rapid synthesized by consumable electrode in-situ metallurgy to cutting pick, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 35(2012), p. 132.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, Ch., Bai, Y. & Ye, Xc. Effects of sintering temperature on the microstructural evolution and wear behavior of WCp reinforced Ni-based coatings. Int J Miner Metall Mater 21, 1254–1262 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-1035-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-1035-1