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Hydrogen as a carrier of renewable energies toward carbon neutrality: State-of-the-art and challenging issues

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Abstract

Energy storage and conversion via a hydrogen chain is a recognized vision of future energy systems based on renewables and, therefore, a key to bridging the technological gap toward a net-zero CO2 emission society. This paper reviews the hydrogen technological chain in the framework of renewables, including water electrolysis, hydrogen storage, and fuel cell technologies. Water electrolysis is an energy conversion technology that can be scalable in megawatts and operational in a dynamic mode to match the intermittent generation of renewable power. Material concerns include a robust diaphragm for alkaline cells, catalysts and construction materials for proton exchange membrane (PEM) cells, and validation of the long-term durability for solid oxide cells. Hydrogen storage via compressed gas up to 70 MPa is optional for automobile applications. Fuel cells favor hydrogen fuel because of its superfast electrode kinetics. PEM fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells are dominating technologies for automobile and stationary applications, respectively. Both technologies are at the threshold of their commercial markets with verified technical readiness and environmental merits; however, they still face restraints such as unavailable hydrogen fueling infrastructure, long-term durability, and costs to compete with the analog power technologies already on the market.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51704017) and the International Communication Program for Young Scientists in USTB (No. QNXM20210010). Xuan Liu also acknowledges the financial support from the China Scholarship Council, which enabled his research visit to Technical University of Denmark in 2021.

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  1. Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 310, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Xuan Liu & Qingfeng Li

  2. School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China

    Xuan Liu, Gaoyang Liu, Jilai Xue & Xindong Wang

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Liu, X., Liu, G., Xue, J. et al. Hydrogen as a carrier of renewable energies toward carbon neutrality: State-of-the-art and challenging issues. Int J Miner Metall Mater 29, 1073–1089 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2449-9

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