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Adjuvante Strahlentherapie des Mammakarzinoms

Adjuvant Radiotherapy of Breast Cancer

  • GRAND ROUNDS
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Onkopipeline

Zusammenfassung

Die Strahlentherapie besitzt einen wichtigen Stellenwert in der adjuvanten Therapie des Mammakarzinoms. Technisch erfolgt die Bestrahlung zumeist dreidimensional geplant am Linearbeschleuniger unter Verwendung ultraharter Röntgenstrahlen. Für anatomisch ungünstige Situationen steht mit der intensitätsmodulierten Bestrahlung ein weiteres technisches Verfahren zur Schonung des umliegenden Normalgewebes zur Verfügung. Die Aufsättigung des Tumorbetts (Boost) erfolgt wahlweise perkutan mittels Elektronenstrahlen oder invasiv mittels Brachytherapie oder intraoperativer Bestrahlung. Die alleinige Bestrahlung des Tumorbetts im Sinne einer Teilbrustbestrahlung sollte allerdings bis auf Weiteres Studien vorbehalten bleiben.

Der Nutzen der adjuvanten Bestrahlung nach brusterhaltender Operation ist wiederholt bestätigt worden. Beim duktalen Carcinoma in situ wurde bisher keine Subgruppe im Rahmen prospektiver Studien ermittelt, welche nicht von einer zusätzlichen Bestrahlung der Brust profitiert. Auch beim invasiven Karzinom ist die Nachbestrahlung für alle Stadien vorteilhaft, selbst für prognostisch gute Frühstadien. Neben dem statistisch signifikanten Einfluss auf die lokale Kontrolle konnten hier auch Vorteile bezüglich des Überlebens nachgewiesen werden. Dies gilt auch für bestimmte Konstellationen nach Mastektomie. Zur Indikationsstellung müssen hier neben Tumorgröße, Nodalstatus und Resektionsrand weitere Risikofaktoren berücksichtigt werden. Die Bestrahlung der Lymphabflusswege ist dagegen weiterhin relativ individuell durchzuführen, da Ergebnisse aus größeren randomisierten Studien zu dieser Fragestellung bisher fehlen, in den nächsten Jahren aber erwartet werden.

Abstract

Radiation therapy plays an important role in adjuvant therapy of breast cancer. Technically, radiotherapy is mostly performed after three-dimensional planning using high-energy photons from linear accelerators. In anatomically adverse situations, intensity-modulated radiotherapy as a measure for the maximum sparing of organs at risk is available. Boost irradiation of the tumor bed can be performed either percutaneously using electron beams or, alternatively, invasively using brachytherapy or intraoperative radiotherapy. As long as randomized trials have not proven the equivalence of sole irradiation of the tumor bed, so-called partial-breast radiotherapy, to standard radiotherapy to the whole breast, this technique should be used cautiously.

The value of adjuvant radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery has been shown repeatedly. For the treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ, in prospective trials no subgroup not profiting from radiotherapy has been identified so far. For invasive carcinomas, adjuvant radiotherapy is also beneficial, even for early stages with good prognostic factors. In addition to the statistically significant influence on local control, advantages concerning overall survival have been demonstrated as well. This applies also to certain constellations after mastectomy. Alongside established factors like tumor size, nodal status and resection margin the indication for postmastectomy radiotherapy should be based on further prognostic factors as well. At the moment, irradiation of the lymphatics is performed on an individual basis, as results from randomized trials are lacking so far, but are expected in the next years.

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Correspondence to Holger Hof.

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Hof, H. Adjuvante Strahlentherapie des Mammakarzinoms. Onkopipeline 2, 158–163 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s15035-009-0165-9

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