Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Investigation on Optimally Performing Sensor Substrates through Bio-fouling of Immunoglobulin-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Biosensing technology represents a superior way of identifying a wide range of biomolecules that exist in the human body, food, water, and other environmental sources. In this regard, human health issues are a growing global concern, and the development of effective methods for the detection and differentiation of biomolecules during diagnosis and/or treatment of diseases is essential. However, achieving adequate levels of sensitivity and specificity will be fundamental for the successful clinical application of biosensing technology. Notably, sensitivity and specificity are highly dependent on non-fouling (specificity) of biomolecules on the sensing surfaces, particularly with regard to nanoparticle-tagged biomolecules. Here, the authors have evaluated bio-fouling (i.e., biological non-specificity) by analysing four distinct sensing substrates (gold, silicon, silica and platinum) using anti-mouse immunoglobulin-conjugated gold nanoparticles. As evidenced by scanning electron microscopy and ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared recording spectrophotometry, silica (SiO2) lacked bio-fouling, whereas gold (Au) showed high bio-fouling potential. Indeed, Raman spectroscopic analysis further confirmed these results. Thus, the present findings indicate that SiO2 is an optimal substrate for biosensor development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Nomura K, Gopinath SCB, Lakshmipriya T, Fukuda N, Wang X, Fujimaki M (2013) An angular fluidic channel for prism-free surface-plasmon-assisted fluorescence capturing. Nat Commun 4:2855

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Gopinath SCB, Tang TH, Yeng C, Citartan M, Lakshmipriya T (2014) Current aspects in immunosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 57:292–302

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Gopinath SCB, Tang TH, Yeng C, Citartan M, Lakshmipriya T (2014) Bacterial sensing: microscope to smart phone. Biosens Bioelectron 60:332–342

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Jing M, Bowser MT (2011) A review for measuring aptamer-protein equlibria. Anal Chim Acta 686:9–18

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Nagasaki Y (2011) Construction of a densely poly(ethylene glycol)-chain-tethered surface and its performance. Polym J 43:949–958

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Horiguchi Y, Miyachi S, Nagasaki Y (2013) High-performance surface acoustic wave immunosensing system on PEG/aptamer hybridized surface. Langmuir 29:7369–7376

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Lakshmipriya T, Fujimaki M, Gopinath SCB, Awazu K, Horiguchi Y, Nagasaki Y (2013) High-performance waveguide-mode biosensor for detection of factor IX uses PEG-based blocking agents to suppress non-specific binding and improve sensitivity. Analyst 138:2863–2870

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Gopinath SCB, Awazu K, Fujimaki M, Shimizu K, Shima T (2013) Observations of immuno-gold conjugates on influenza viruses using waveguide-mode sensors. PLoS One 8:e69121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Citartan M, Gopinath SCB, Tominaga J, Chen Y, Tang TH (2014) UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy monitors label-free interaction analyses of molecular recognition elements against erythropoietin on gold-coated polycarbonate towards sensor development. Talanta 126:103–109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kumar P, Choithani J, Gupta KC (2004) Construction of oligonucleotide on a glass surface using a heterobifunctional reagent, N-(2-trifluoroethanesulfonatoethyl)-N-(methyl)-trithoxysilylpropyl-3-amine (NTMTA). Nucleic Acids Res 32:e80

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Baldrich E, Restrepo A, O’Sullivan CK (2004) Effect of linker structure on surface density of aptamer monolayers and their corresponding protein binding efficiency. Anal Chem 76:7053–7063

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gronewold TMA, Glass S, Quandt E, Famulok M (2005) Monitoring complex formation in the blood coagulation cascade using aptamer-coated SAW sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 20:2044–2052

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Odenthal KJ, Gooding J (2007) An introduction to electrochemical DNA biosensors. Analyst 132:603–610

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Marquette CA, Blum LJ (2008) Electro-chemiluminescent biosensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 390:155–168

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Song S, Wang L, Li J, Zhao J, Fan C (2008) Aptamer-based biosensors. Trends Anal Chem 27:108–117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Varma MM, Nolte DD, Inerowicz HD, Regnier FE (2004) Spinning-disk self-referencing interferometry of antigen-antibody recognition. Opt Lett 29:950–952

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Peng L, Varma MM, Cho W, Regnier FE, Nolte DD (2007) Adaptive interferometry of protein on a BioCD. Appl Opt 46:5384–5395

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Wang X, Zhao M, Nolte DD (2008) Combined fluorescent and interferometric detection of protein on a BioCD. Appl Opt 47:2779–2789

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Rong G, Najmaie A, Sipe JE, Weiss SM (2008) Nanoscale porous silicon waveguide for label-free DNA sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 23:1572–1576

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Dhahi ThS, Hashim U, Ahmed NM, Nazma H (2011) Fabrication and characterization of gold nano-gaps for ssDNA immobilization and hybridization deteciton. J New Mat Electrochem Syst 14:191–196

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Ali ME, Hashim U, Mustafa S, Man YB, Yusop MH, Bari MF, Islam KhN, Hasan MF (2011) Nanoparticle sensor for label free detection of swine DNA in mixed biological samples. Nanotechnology 22:195503

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ali ME, Hashim U, Mustafa S, Che Man YB, Islam KhN (2012) Gold nanoparticle sensor for the visual detection of pork adulteration in meatball formulation. J Nanomater 2012:103607

    Google Scholar 

  23. Lim Z, Li J, Ng C, Yung LL, Bay B (2011) Gold nanoparticles in cancer therapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 32:983–990

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Iliuk AB, Hu L, Tao WA (2011) Aptamer in bioanalytical applications. Anal Chem 83:4440–4452

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Upadhyayula VK (2012) Functionalized gold nanoparticle supported sensory mechanisms applied in detection of chemical and biological threat agents. Anal Chim Acta 715:1–18

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Guirgis BS, Sá e Cunha C, Gomes I, Cavadas M, Silva I, Doria G, Blatch GL, Baptista PV, Pereria E, Azzazy HM, Mota MM, Prudencio M, Franco R (2012) Gold nanoparticle-based fluorescence immunoassay for malaria antigen detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 402:1019–1027

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Zanoli LM, D′Agata R, Spoto G (2012) Functionalized gold nnaoparticles for the ultrasensitive DNA detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 402:1759–1771

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Gopinath SCB, Awazu K, Fujimaki M, Shimizu K, Mizutani W, Tsukagoshi K (2012) Surface functionalization chemistry on highly sensitive silica-based sensor chips. Analyst 137:3520–3527

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Liu X, Tykocinski M, Duan Y, Cowan R (2000) Histopathological analysis of cat cochleae following chronic electrical stimulation using high surface electrode (HiQ) platinum electrode. In: 20th annual meeting of Australian Neuroscience Society, vol 11, p 143

  30. Tykocinski M, Liu X, Cowan R (2000) Chronic electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve using high surface area (HiQ) electrodes. In: 4th European congress of oto rhino laryngology head and neck surgery, Berlin, Germany, p 327

  31. Gopinath SCB, Awazu K, Fujimaki M, Shimizu K (2013) Evaluation of Anti-A/Udorn/307/1972 antibody specificity to Influenza viruses using a waveguide mode sensor. PLoS One 8:e81396

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Kumaresan R, Umezawa H, Tatsumi N, Ikeda K, Shikata S (2009) Device processing, fabrication and analysis of diamond pseudo-vertical Schottky barrier diodes with low leak current and high blocking voltage. Diam Relat Mater 18:299–302

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Gopinath SCB, Kumaresan R, Awazu K, Fujimaki M, Mizuhata M, Tominaga J, Kumar PKR (2010) Evaluation of nucleic acid duplex formation on gold over layers on biosensor fabricated using Czochralski-grown silicon crystal silicon substrate. Anal Bioanal Chem 398:751–758

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Lakshmipriya T, Fujimaki M, Gopinath SCB, Awazu K (2013) Detection of influenza viruses by aptamers in surface plasmon fluorescence spectroscopy. Langmuir 29:15107–15115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Gopinath SCB, Lakshmipriya T, Awazu K (2014) Colorimetric detection of controlled assembly and disassembly of aptamers on unmodified gold nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 51:115–123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Tinguely J, Sow I, Leiner C, Grand J, Hohenau A, Felidj N (2011) Gold nanoparticles for plasmonic biosensing: the role of metal crystallinity and nanoscale roughness. BioNanoScience 1:128–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Bosker WTE, Iakovlev PA, Norde W, Cohen Stuart MA (2005) BSA adsorption on bimodal peo brushes. J Colloid Interface Sci 286:496–503

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Michel R, Pasche S, Textor M, Castner DG (2005) Influence of peg architecture on protein adsorption and conformation. Langmuir 21:12327–12332

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Blattler TM, Pasche S, Textor M, Griesser HJ (2006) High salt stability and protein resistance of poly(-l-lysine)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers covalently immobilized via aldehyde plasma polymer interlayers on inorganic and polymeric substrates. Langmuir 22:5760–5769

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Szleifer I (1997) Polymers and proteins: interactions at interfaces. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 2:337–344

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Chen A, Kozak D, Battersby BJ, Trau M (2010) Particle-by-particle quantification of protein adsorption onto poly(ethylene glycol) grafted surfaces. Biofouling J Bioadhesion Biofilm Res 24:267–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Gopinath SCB, Awazu K, Fujimaki M, Sugimoto K, Ohki Y, Komatsubara T, Tominaga J, Gupta KC, Kumar PKR (2008) Influence of nonometric holes on the sensitivity of waveguide plasmon: a label-free nano-sensor to analyze RNA-aptamer ligand interactions. Anal Chem 80:6602–6609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Gopinath SCB, Awazu K, Fons P, Tominaga J, Kumar PKR (2009) A sensitive multilayered structure suitable for biosensing on the BioDVD platform. Anal Chem 81:4963–4970

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Fujimaki M, Nomura K, Sato K, Kato T, Gopinath SCB, Wang X, Awazu K, Ohki Y (2010) Detection of coloured nanomaterials using evanescent field-based waveguide sensors. Opt Exp 18:15732–15740

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Gopinath SCB, Anbu P, Lakshmipriya T, Hilda A (2013) Strategies to characterize fungal lipases. BioMed Res Int 2013:154549. doi:10.1155/2013/154549

Download references

Acknowledgments

T.H. Tang was supported by a USM Research University Grant 1001/CIPPT/813043. This study was supported by University of Malaya High Impact Research MoHE Grant UM.C/625/1/HIR/MOE/DENT/09 and UM.C/625/1/HIR/MOHE/MED/16/5. R. Kumaresan was supported by NIMS Special Research Grant. T. Lakshmipriya acknowledges the post-doctoral fellowship from Universiti Sains Malaysia.

Author information

Author notes

    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia

      Subash C. B. Gopinath & Uda Hashim

    2. School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

      Subash C. B. Gopinath

    3. Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200, Bertam, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia

      Subash C. B. Gopinath, Thangavel Lakshmipriya & Thean-Hock Tang

    4. Research Centre for Strategic Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan

      Ramanujam Kumaresan & Toshiyasu Nishimura

    5. Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences and OCRCC, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

      Yeng Chen

    Authors
    1. Subash C. B. Gopinath
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    2. Ramanujam Kumaresan
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    3. Toshiyasu Nishimura
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    4. Thangavel Lakshmipriya
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    5. Thean-Hock Tang
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    6. Yeng Chen
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    7. Uda Hashim
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    Corresponding authors

    Correspondence to Subash C. B. Gopinath or Ramanujam Kumaresan.

    Additional information

    Subash C. B. Gopinath and Ramanujam Kumaresan have contributed equally to this work.

    Rights and permissions

    Reprints and permissions

    About this article

    Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

    Cite this article

    Gopinath, S.C.B., Kumaresan, R., Nishimura, T. et al. Investigation on Optimally Performing Sensor Substrates through Bio-fouling of Immunoglobulin-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. B Biol. Sci. 87, 807–814 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-015-0659-x

    Download citation

    • Received:

    • Revised:

    • Accepted:

    • Published:

    • Issue Date:

    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-015-0659-x

    Keywords

    Search

    Navigation