Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Strain history of 3D printed bilayer structure with flexible elastomer and shape memory polymer filaments during thermal tensile test

  • Full Research Article
  • Published:
Progress in Additive Manufacturing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the strain history of a 3D-printed shape-memory polymer (SMP) and elastomer bilayer specimen under thermal tensile load. First, printing conditions for producing single-layer and bilayer specimens using a fused deposition modeling 3D printer were determined. Tensile tests under thermal effects were then conducted on both specimens. A 1 kg weight was used as a constant tensile load, and temperature cycles ranging from 25 to 65 °C were implemented to determine the thermal effects. The strain history was measured using a strain gauge attached to the specimen during the tests. An initial bending deformation caused by the shrinkage of the elastomer layer was observed in the bilayer specimen immediately after printing. This initial bending was then removed from the bilayer specimen via uniform heating. Strain relaxation was observed in the strain history of the single-layer SMP specimen. Mismatch strain between the two layers of the bilayer specimens was also confirmed from the thermal tensile test results. Analyses and discussions on the strain history data are provided in this paper. In general, this study determined the empirical deformation characteristics of a 3D-printed SMP–elastomer bilayer structure under combined thermal and tensile loading conditions. The results can be used to comprehend the deformation of bilayer SMP–elastomer structures and will be useful for designing a bilayer structure made of 3D-printed SMP material.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Leng J, Lan X, Liu Y, Du S (2011) Shape-memory polymers and their composites: stimulus methods and applications. Prog Mater Sci 56(7):1077–1135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.03.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Liang C, Rogers CA, Malafeew E (1997) Investigation of shape memory polymers and their hybrid composites. J Intell Mater Syst Struct 8(4):380–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X9700800411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Zare M, Prabhakaran MP, Parvin N, Ramakrishna S (2019) Thermally-induced two-way shape memory polymers: mechanisms, structures, and applications. Chem Eng J 374:706–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.05.167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Liu Y, Lv H, Lan X, Leng J, Du S (2009) Review of electro-active shape-memory polymer composite. Compos Sci Technol 69(13):2064–2068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.08.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Lendlein A, Jiang H, Jünger O, Langer R (2005) Light-induced shape-memory polymers. Nature 434(7035):879–882. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Du H, Zhang J (2010) Solvent induced shape recovery of shape memory polymer based on chemically cross-linked poly (vinyl alcohol). Soft Matter 6(14):3370–3376. https://doi.org/10.1039/B922220K

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Tobushi H, Hayashi S, Kojima S (1992) Mechanical properties of shape memory polymer of polyurethane series: basic characteristics of stress-strain-temperature relationship. JSME 35(3):296–302. https://doi.org/10.1299/jsmea1988.35.3_296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Sokolowski W, Metcalfe A, Hayashi S, Raymond J (2007) Medical applications of shape memory polymers. Biomed Mater 2(1):S23. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/2/1/S04

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Liu Y, Du H, Liu L, Leng J (2014) Shape memory polymers and their composites in aerospace applications: a review. Smart Mater Struct 23(2):023001. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/23/2/023001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhao W, Liu L, Zhang F, Leng J, Liu Y (2019) Shape memory polymers and their composites in biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng 97:864–883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Metcalfe A, Desfaits AC, Salazkin I, Sokolowski WM, Raymond J (2003) Cold hibernated elastic memory foams for endovascular interventions. Biomaterials 24(3):491–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00362-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Lan X, Liu Y, Lv H, Wang X, Leng J, Du S (2009) Fiber reinforced shape-memory polymer composite and its application in a deployable hinge. Smart Mater Struct 18(2):024002. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/18/2/024002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Hull CW (1990) US Patent No. 4,929,402. Washington DC, US. Patent and Trademark Office

  14. Ngo TD, Kashani A, Imbalzano G, Nguyen KT, Hui D (2018) Additive manufacturing (3D printing): a review of materials, methods, applications and challenges. Compos B Eng 143:172–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.02.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Chua CK, Leong KF, Lim CS (2010) Rapid prototyping: principles and applications (with companion CD-ROM). World scientific publishing company

  16. Dudek PFDM (2013) FDM 3D printing technology in manufacturing composite elements. Arch Metall Mater 58(4):1415–1418. https://doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Guo H, Lv R, Bai S (2019) Recent advances on 3D printing graphene-based composites. Nano Mater Sci 1(2):101–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoms.2019.03.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Gouzman I, Atar N, Grossman E, Verker R, Bolker A, Pokrass M, Seifarth C (2019) 3D printing of bismaleimides: from new ink formulation to printed thermosetting polymer objects. Adv Mater Technol 4(10):1900368. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Lee JY, An J, Chua CK (2017) Fundamentals and applications of 3D printing for novel materials. Appl Mater Today 7:120–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2017.02.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Yang Y, Chen Y, Wei Y, Li Y (2016) 3D printing of shape memory polymer for functional part fabrication. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 84(9–12):2079–2095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7843-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Zarek M, Layani M, Cooperstein I, Sachyani E, Cohn D, Magdassi S (2016) 3D printing of shape memory polymers for flexible electronic devices. Adv Mater 28(22):4449–4454. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201503132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Ge Q, Dunn CK, Qi HJ, Dunn ML (2014) Active origami by 4D printing. Smart Mater Struct 23(9):094007. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/23/9/094007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Mao Y, Ding Z, Yuan C, Ai S, Isakov M, Wu J, Qi HJ (2016) 3D printed reversible shape changing components with stimuli responsive materials. Sci Rep 6(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24761

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Torrado AR, Roberson DA (2016) Failure analysis and anisotropy evaluation of 3D-printed tensile test specimens of different geometries and print raster patterns. J Fail Anal Prev 16(1):154–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11668-016-0067-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Torrado AR, Shemelya CM, English JD, Lin Y, Wicker RB, Roberson DA (2015) Characterizing the effect of additives to ABS on the mechanical property anisotropy of specimens fabricated by material extrusion 3D printing. Addit Manuf 6:16–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2015.02.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Prof. Kikuo Kishimoto for helpful suggestions and Mrs. Masayo Ishikawa for technical assistance. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP19K04087.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan

    Ziyi Su & Kazuaki Inaba

  2. Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Sampoerna University, Jakarta, 12780, Indonesia

    Farid Triawan

Authors
  1. Ziyi Su
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kazuaki Inaba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Farid Triawan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ziyi Su.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Su, Z., Inaba, K. & Triawan, F. Strain history of 3D printed bilayer structure with flexible elastomer and shape memory polymer filaments during thermal tensile test. Prog Addit Manuf 6, 643–652 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-021-00185-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-021-00185-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation