Abstract
In this paper, a robust fractional-order PID (FOPID) controller is proposed to regulate islanded microgrid (MG) frequency. The considered MG is composed of a photovoltaic system, a wind turbine generation, a diesel generator, a battery energy storage system, the control unit, and loads. Some challenges in islanded MGs such as unpredictable variation in output power of renewable energy sources and model uncertainties, affect the system performance and lead to frequency deviations from the nominal value. For designing the proposed robust controller, the wind power and solar radiation are considered as disturbance inputs. Also, uncertainties are assumed in the inertia constant and the load damping coefficient parameters of the system. The FOPID parameters are determined by minimizing some constraints that guarantee robust stability and robust performance of the system. The performance of the proposed FOPID controller is compared with those of the classic PID and H∞ controllers. The effectiveness of the controller is illustrated through appropriate simulations.
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Abbreviations
- D :
-
Load damping coefficient
- G(s):
-
Nominal open-loop microgrid system
- Gp(s):
-
Set of uncertain G(s)
- H :
-
Inertia constant
- P BESS :
-
BESS output power
- P DEG :
-
DEG output power
- P PV :
-
PV output power
- P t :
-
Total generated power
- P WTG :
-
WTG output power
- R :
-
Speed droop characteristic
- T BESS :
-
BESS time constant
- T g :
-
Governor time constant
- T PV :
-
PV time constant
- T t :
-
Turbine time constant
- T WTG :
-
WTG time constant
- ∆:
-
Uncertainty block
- ∆f :
-
Frequency change
- ∆PL :
-
Load power change
- BESS:
-
Battery energy storage system
- CMPC:
-
Centralized model predictive control
- DEG:
-
Diesel generator
- DG:
-
Distributed generation
- FC:
-
Fossil fuel
- FESS:
-
Flywheel energy storage system
- FOPID:
-
Fractional-order proportional–integral–derivative
- GM:
-
Gain margin
- LFC:
-
Load frequency control
- LMI:
-
Linear matrix inequalities
- MG:
-
Microgrid
- MT:
-
Microturbine
- PHEV:
-
Plug-in hybrid vehicle
- PID:
-
Proportional–integral–derivative
- PM:
-
Phase margin
- PV:
-
Photovoltaic
- RES:
-
Renewable energy source
- WTG:
-
Wind turbine generator
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Khosravi, S., Hamidi Beheshti, M.T. & Rastegar, H. Robust Control of Islanded Microgrid Frequency Using Fractional-Order PID. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Electr Eng 44, 1207–1220 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40998-019-00303-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40998-019-00303-6