Abstract
Classification of the Paleolithic into Lower, Middle, and Upper has both chronological and cultural meanings serving as a framework for reconstructing cultural evolution and interpreting behavioral processes. Traditionally, the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition in Eurasia is regarded as a bio-cultural turning point, in which local Neanderthals were replaced by incoming Homo sapiens populations, carrying with them a novel technological repertoire. As such, the basic classification of archeological data into broad spatially and temporally coherent blocks is not neutral and disconnected from the paradigmatic view of a “transition” as a developmental event. Initially, the Initial Upper Paleolithic (IUP) was introduced to describe the first cultural stage within the Upper Paleolithic and was later modified to define the cultural transition from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic. In the last 20 years, the IUP has increasingly been used as a chronological-biological taxonomic unit to describe modern human dispersals into Eurasia, overriding its use within a cultural taxonomic system. In this paper, we evaluate the applicability of the term as a taxonomic unit. The construction of a chronicle and histories, based on well-documented and published data from the late Middle Paleolithic through to the earliest Upper Paleolithic sites across southwest Asia, are used to evaluate the applicability of the term Initial Upper Paleolithic as a taxonomic unit. Within this perspective, the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition is viewed as a social and demographic process that is manifested differently in each of the sub-regions of southwest Asia: the Levant, Southern Caucasus, Armenian Highlands, and the Zagros.
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11 July 2022
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41982-022-00121-z
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Acknowledgements
MGG thanks M. Izuho, N. Zwyns, and S. Kuhn for inviting her to present a paper at the session “Unanswered questions on the Initial Upper Paleolithic and the first modern human dispersal across Eurasia,” INQUA 2019 Dublin. AMB would like to thank Boris Gasparyan, his partner in the excavations in Armenia. AMB wishes to thank the following people for fruitful discussions on the major themes of the paper: I. Abadi, D. Adler, E. Frahm, E. Ghasidian, P. Glauberman, E. Hovers, S. Heydari-Guran, O. Joris, A. Kandel, T. Lauer, J. Sherriff, and K. Wilkinson. T. Karampaglidis prepared figure 2. The authors thank I. Gilead, A. Leplongeon, and W. Chu for their helpful comments and contribution to improving the paper, Veronique Levy for proofreading, and E. Hovers for refining the final version of manuscript. We also thank the three anonymous reviewers for their important remarks which improved the manuscript considerably.
Funding
MGG’s research was funded by the Fritz-Thyssen Foundation (as part of a grant awarded to I. Gilead and MGG for the Project “Out of Africa and the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition at the margins of the Levantine corridor: new perspectives from the sites of Far’ah II and Boker Tachtit”). AMB’s research in Armenia was funded by the support of The Gerda Henkel Stiftung grant n. AZ 10_V_17 and n. AZ 23/F/19, the Leakey Foundation, and the Fritz-Thyssen Foundation grant awarded for the project “Pleistocene Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways and Population Dynamics in the Ararat (paleo-lake) Depression, Armenia.”
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The original online version of this article was revised: random numbers appear instead of specific terms. On page 15 the number 7 appears randomly in the first row of the first paragraph and in the first row of the third paragraph replacing the wording "the zagros" (e.g The MP research in 7 Mountain and adjacent plains... and Most of the known cave and rockshelter sites in 7 are situated in the western central part). This happens again on page 16 in the second paragraph and page 17 paragraph 3, and on page 18 in the first paragraph and again twice in the third paragraph, page 21 end of third paragraph. b. On page 19 in the last paragraph the number 5 appears instead of "the Levant" and again on page 20 paragraph 3, page 22 first paragraph, as well as in the concluding remarks. c. On page 22 last row of paragraph 3 the number 8 appears instead of the word discussion.
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Goder-Goldberger, M., Malinsky-Buller, A. The Initial Upper Paleolithic and Its Place Within the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic Transition of Southwest Asia: What Hides Behind the Curtain of Taxonomies?. J Paleo Arch 5, 2 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41982-022-00112-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41982-022-00112-0