Abstract
We discuss the interaction between the magnetosphere of a young star and its surrounding accretion disk. We consider how an X-wind can be driven magnetocentrifugally from the inner edge of the disk where accreting gas is diverted onto stellar field lines either to flow onto the Sun or to be flung outwards with the wind. The X-wind satisfies many observational tests concerning optical jets, Herbig-Haro objects, and molecular outflows. Connections may exist between primitive solar system materials and X-winds. Chondrules and calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) experienced short melting events uncharacteristic of the asteroid belt where meteorites originate. The inner edge of the solar nebula has the shortest orbital timescale available to the system, a few days. Protosolar flares introduce another timescale, tens of minutes to hours. CAIs may form when solids are lifted from shaded portions of the disk close to the Sun and are exposed to its intense light for a day or so before they are flung by the X-wind to much larger distances. Chondrules were melted, perhaps many times, by flares at larger distances from the Sun before being launched and annealed, but not remelted, in the X-wind. Aerodynamic sorting explains the narrow range of sizes with which CAIs and chondrules are found in chondritic meteorites. Flare-generated cosmic-rays may induce spallation reactions that produce some of the short-lived radioactivities associated with primitive solar system rocks.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams, F.C., Lada, C. J., and Shu, F.H.: 1987, 'Spectral Evolution of Young Stellar Objects', Astrophys. J. 312, 788–806.
Bally, J., and Lada, C. J.: 1983, 'The High-velocity Molecular Flows Near Young Stellar Objects', Astrophys. J. 265, 824–847.
Bieging, J.H., Cohen, M., and Schwartz, P.R.: 1984, 'VLA Observations of T Tauri Stars. II-A Luminosity-limited Survey of Taurus-Auriga', Astrophys. J. 282, 699–708.
Bischoff, A., and Keil, K.: 1984, 'Al-rich Objects in Ordinary Chondrites – Related Origin of Carbonaceous and Ordinary Chondrites and Their Constituents', Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48, 693–709.
Blandford, R.D.: 1976, 'Accretion Disk Electrodynamics – A Model for Double Radio Sources', Mon. Not. Roc. Astro. Soc. 176, 465–481.
Blandford, R.D., and Payne, D.G.: 1982, 'Hydromagnetic Flows From Accretion Disks and the Production of Radio Jets', Mon. Not. Roc. Astro. Soc. 199, 883–903.
Bok, B. J.: 1978, 'Star Formation in or Very Close to a Southern Globule', Pub. Astron. Soc. Pac. 90, 489–490.
Bührke, T., Mundt, R., Ray, T. P.: 1988, 'A Detailed Study of HH 34 and its Associated Jet', Astron. Astrophys. 200, 99–119.
Cabrit, S., Bertout, C.: 1992, 'CO Line Formation in Bipolar Flows – III. The Energetics of Molecular Flows and Ionized Winds', Astron. Astrophys. 261, 274–284.
Clayton, D.D., and Jin, L.: 1995, 'Gamma Rays, Cosmic Rays, and Extinct Radioactivity in Molecular Clouds', Astrophys. J. 451, 681–699.
Cudworth, K.M., and Herbig, G.H.: 1979, 'Two Large-proper-motion Herbig-Haro Objects', Astron. J. 84, 548–551.
Edwards, S., and Snell, R. L.: 1982, 'A Search for High-velocity Molecular Gas Around T Tauri Stars', Astrophys. J. 261, 151–160.
Fukui, Y., Iwata, T., Mizuno, A., Bally, J., and Lane, A.P.: 1993, 'Molecular Outflows', in E.H. Levy and J.I. Lunine (eds.), Protostars and Planets III, Univ.Arizona Press (UAP), Tucson, pp. 603–639.
Giovanardi, C., Lizano, S., Natta, A., Evans, N. J. II, and Heiles, C.: 1992, 'Neutral Winds From Protostars', Astrophys. J. 397, 214–224.
Ghosh, P., and Lamb, F.K.: 1979a, 'Accretion by Rotating Magnetic Neutron Stars. II-Radial and Vertical Structure of the Transition Zone in Disk Accretion', Astrophys. J. 232, 259–276.
Ghosh, P., and Lamb, F.K.: 1979b, 'Accretion by Rotating Magnetic Neutron Stars. III-Accretion Torques and Period Changes in Pulsating X-ray Sources', Astrophys. J. 234, 296–316.
Ghosh, P., Pethick, C. J., and Lamb, F.K.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 217, 578.
Glassgold, A.E., Feigelson, E.D., and Montmerle, T.: 2000, 'Effects of Energetic Radiation in YSOs', in V. Mannings, A.P. Boss, and S.S. Russell (eds.), Protostars and Planets IV, UAP, in press.
Haro, G. 1952, Astrophys. J., 115., 572.
Haro, G. 1953, Astrophys. J. 117, 73.
Hayashi, M.R., Shibata, K., and Matsumoto, R.: 1996, 'X-Ray Flares and Mass Outflows Driven by Magnetic Interaction Between a Protostar and Its Surrounding Disk', Astrophys. J. 468, L37–L40.
Herbig, G.H.: 1950, Astrophys. J. 111, 11.
Herbig, G.H.: 1951, Astrophys. J. 113, 697.
Königl, A., and Pudritz, R. E.: 2000, 'DiskWinds and the Accretion-Outflow Connection', in V. Mannings, A. P. Boss, and S. S. Russell, Protostars and Planets IV, UAP, in press.
Knapp, G.R., Kuiper, T.B.H., Knapp, S.L., and Brown, R. L. 1976, 'CO Observations of NGC 1579 /S222/ and S239', Astrophys. J. 206, 443–451.
Krot, A.N., Weber, D., Greshake, A., Ulyanov, A.A., MCKeegan, K.D., Hutcheon, I., Sahijpal, S., and Keil, K.: 1999, 'Relic Ca,Al-rich Inclusions in Chondrules From the Carbonaceous Chondrites ACFER 182 and ACFER 094', Lunar and Planetary Sci. Conf. 30, # 1511 (abstract).
Lada, C. J.: 1985, 'Cold Outflows, Energetic Winds, and Enigmatic Jets Around Young Stellar Objects', Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 23, 267–317.
Lee, T., Shu, F.H., Shang, H., Glassgold, A. E., and Rehm, K. E.: 1998, 'Protostellar Cosmic Rays and Extinct Radioactivities in Meteorites', Astrophys. J. 506, 898–912.
Linker, J.A., and Mikić, Z.: 1995, 'Disruption of a Helmet Streamer by Photospheric Shear', Astrophys. J. 438, L45–L48.
Lizano, S., Heiles, C., Rodriguez, L. F., Koo, B.-C., Shu, F.H., Hasegawa, T., Hayashi, S., Mirabel, I. F.: 1988, 'Neutral Stellar Winds that Drive Bipolar Outflows in Low-mass Protostars', Astrophys. J. 328., 763–776.
Lovelace, R.V. E.: 1976, 'Dynamo Model of Double Radio Sources', Nature 262., 649–652.
Margulis, M., and Lada, C. J.: 1985, 'Masses and Energetics of High-Velocity Molecular Outflows', Astrophys. J. 299, 925–938.
Maruyama, S., Yurimoto, H., and Sueno, S.: 1999, 'Spinel-Bearing Chondrules in the Allende Meteorite', Meteoritics and Planet. Sci. 32, A98.
Mestel, L.: 1968, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 138, 359.
Meyer, M. R., Calvet, N., and Hillenbrand, L. A.: 1997, 'Intrinsic Near-Infrared Excesses of T Tauri Stars: Understanding the Classical T Tauri Star Locus', Astron. J. 114., 288–300.
Misawa, K., and Fujita, T.: 1994, 'A Relict Refractory Inclusion in a Ferromagnesian Chondrule From the Allende Meteorite', Nature 368, 723–726.
Mundt, R., and Fried, J.W.: 1983, 'Jets From Young Stars', Astrophys. J., 274., L83.
Mundt, R., Bührke, T., Fried, J.W., Neckel, T., Sarcander, M., and Stocke, J.: 1984, 'Jets From Young Stars III. TheCase ofHaro 6-5B,HH33/40,HH19, and 1548C27', Astron. Astrophys. 140, 17–23.
Mundt, R., Brugel, E. W., and Bührke, T.: 1987, 'Jets From Young Stars-CCD Imaging, Long-slit Spectroscopy, and Interpretation of Existing Data', Astrophys. J. 319, 275–303.
Najita, J.R., and Shu, F. H.: 1994, 'Magnetocentrifugally Driven Flows From Young Stars and Disks. 3: Numerical Solution of the Sub-Alfvenic Region', Astrophys. J. 429, 808–825.
Ostriker, E.C., and Shu, F.H.: 1995, 'Magnetocentrifugally Driven Flows From Young Stars and Disks. IV. The Accretion Funnel and Dead Zone', Astrophys. J. 447, 813–828.
Poetzel, R., Mundt, R., and Ray, T. P.: 1989, 'Z CMa – A Large-scale High Velocity Bipolar Outflow Traced by Herbig-Haro Objects and a Jet', Astron. Astrophys., 224, L13–L16.
Reipurth, B.:1989, 'The HH111 Jet and Multiple OutflowEpisodes FromYoung Stars', Nature 340, 42.
Rodríguez, L. F., Lizano, S., Cantó, J., Escalante, V., and Mirabel, I. F.: 1990, 'VLA Observations of High-velocity H I Associated With the Herbig-Haro Objects 7-11', Astrophys. J. 365, 261–268.
Rodríguez, L. F., Moran, J.M., and Ho, P.T.P. 1980, 'Anisotropic Mass Outflow in Cepheus A', Astrophys. J. 240, L149–L152.
Roth, I., and Temerin, M.: 1997, 'Enrichment of 3He and Heavy Ions in Impulsive Solar Flares', Astrophys. J. 477, 940–957.
Ruiz, A., Alonso, J. L., and Mirabel, I. F.: 1992, 'Possible Detection of a High-velocity NeutralWind in T Tauri', Astrophys. J. 394, L57–L59.
Russell, R.W., and Kearsley, A. T.: 1999, Meteoritics and Planet. Sci. 34, Suppl., A99.
Shang, H., and Shu, F.H.: 1999, Astrophys. J., in preparation.
Shang, H., Shu, F.H., and Glassgold, A. E.: 1998, 'Synthetic Images and Long-slit Spectra of Protostellar Jets', Astrophys. J. 493, L91–L94.
Shu, F.H.: 1995, in C. Yuan and J. You (eds.), Molecular Clouds and Star Formation, World Scientific, Singapor, p. 97.
Shu, F.H., Adams, F.C., and Lizano, S.: 1987, 'Star Formation in Molecular Clouds – Observation and Theory', Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 25, 23–81.
Shu, F., Najita, J., Ostriker, E., Wilkin, F., Ruden, S., and Lizano, S. 1994a, 'Magnetocentrifugally Driven Flows FromYoung Stars and Disks. 1:AGeneralized Model', Astrophys. J. 429, 781–796.
Shu, F.H., Najita, J., Ruden, S., and Lizano, S. 1994b, 'Magnetocentrifugally Driven Flows From Young Stars andDisks. 2: Formulation of theDynamical Problem', Astrophys. J., 429, 797–807.
Shu, F. H., Najita, J., Ostriker, E., and Shang, H.: 1995, 'Magnetocentrifugally Driven Flows from Young Stars and Disks. V. Asymptotic Collimation into Jets', Astrophys. J. 455, L155–L158.
Shu, F.H., Shang, H., and Lee, T.: 1996, 'Toward an Astrophysical Theory of Chondrites', Science 271, 1545–1552.
Shu, F.H., Shang, H., Glassgold, A. E., and Lee, T.: 1997, 'X-rays and Fluctuating X-winds From Protostars', Science 277, 1475–1479.
Shu, F.H., Allen, A., Shang, H., Ostriker, E.C., and Li, Z.-H.: 1999, in C. J. Lada, NATO-ASIProc.
Shu, F. H., Najita, J., Shang, H., and Li, Z.-H.: 2000, 'X-winds: Theory and Observations', in V. Mannings, A. P. Boss, and S. S. Russell, Protostars and Planets IV, UAP, in press.
Snell, R.L., Loren, R.B., and Plambeck, R. L.: 1980, 'Observations of CO in L1551-Evidence for Stellar Wind Driven Shocks', Astrophys. J. 239, L17–L22.
Strom, S., Grasdalen, G. L., and Strom, K.M.: 1974, 'Infrared and Optical Observations of Herbig-Haro objects', Astrophys. J. 191, 111–142.
Stocke, J. T., Hartigan, P.M., Strom, S. E., Strom, K.M., Anderson, E.R., Hartmann, L.W., and Kenyon, S. J.: 1988, 'A Detailed Study of the LYNDS 1551 Star Formation Region', Astrophys. J. Suppl. 68, 229–255.
Sugiura, N., and Strangway, D.W.: 1988, 'Magnetic Studies of Meteorites', in J. F. Kerridge and M. S. Matthews (eds.), Meteorites and the Early Solar System, UAP, pp. 595–615.
Srinivasan, G., and Bischoff, A.: 1998, 'Magnesium-Aluminum Study of Hibonites Within a Chondrule-like Object from Sharps (H3)', Meteoritics and Planet. Sci. 32, A148.
Temerin, M., and Roth, I.: 1992, 'The Production of He-3 and Heavy Ion Enrichment in He-3-rich Flares by Electromagnetic Hydrogen Cyclotron Waves', Astrophys. J. 391, L105–L108.
Vanhala, H.A., and Goswami, J.N.: 2000, 'Extinct Radionuclides and the Origin of the Solar System', in V. Mannings, A.P. Boss, and S.S. Russell, Protostars and Planets IV, UAP, in press.
Weidenschilling, S. J., and Cuzzi, J.N.: 1993, 'Formation of Planetesimals in the Solar Nebula', in E.H. Levy and J. I. Lunine (eds.), Protostars and Planets III, UAP, pp. 1031–1060.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shang, H., Shu, F.H., Lee, T. et al. Protostellar Winds and Chondritic Meteorites. Space Science Reviews 92, 153–176 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005234909848
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005234909848