Abstract
The hornbeam, a shade tolerant tree species,has recolonised Europe very late during theHolocene. In order to investigate whether thispostglacial recolonisation had led to a loss ofchloroplast (cp) DNA diversity, as alreadydescribed for other tree species, andespecially the beech, another late-successionalspecies, we have studied the phylogeography ofthe hornbeam using cpDNA. Three types of cpDNAmarkers were used (PCR-RFLP, microsatellites,sequences) to analyse 36 European populationsof C. betulus and five populations ofC. orientalis. Six haplotypes specific toC. betulus were detected, one of themcompletely fixed in all populations fromnorthern and western Europe, whereas the otherswere restricted to the eastern Europeancountries and to southern Italy. A remarkablyhigh value of differentiation among populationswas found (G ST = 0.972). Twodifferent haplotypes specific to C.orientalis were detected, suggesting noongoing gene flow between these two species,and similar refugia in Italy and in the Balkansfor both Carpinus species. Pollen dataare congruent with genetic data: during thelast ice age, the hornbeam was restricted tothe Balkans and to southern Italy andrecolonised Europe northwards and westwards.Conservation priorities should target severalpopulations from these regions that arehotspots of diversity and that represent asmall part of the range of the species.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Beaulieu J-L de, Reille M (1984) A long upper Pleistocene pollen record from Les Echets, near Lyon, France. Boreas, 13, 11–132.
Belahbib N, Pemonge M-H, Ouassou A, Sbay H, Kremer A, Petit RJ (2001) Frequent cytoplasmic exchanges between oak species that are not closely related: Quercus suber and Q. ilex in Morocco. Mol. Ecol., 10, 2003–2012.
Bradshaw RHW (1999) Spatial responses of animals to climate change during the Quaternary. Ecological Bulletins, 47, 16–21.
Clement MD, Posada MD and Crandall KA (2000) TCS: A computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Mol. Ecol., 9, 1657–1660.
Comp B, Gömöry D, Letouzey J, Thiébaut B, Petit RJ (2001) Diverging trends between heterozygosity and allelic richness during postglacial colonization in the European beech. Genetics, 157, 389–397.
Demesure B, Comps B, Petit RJ (1996) Chloroplast DNA phylogeography of the common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Europe. Evolution, 50, 2515–2520.
Demesure B, Sodzi N, Petit RJ (1995) A set of universal primers for amplification of polymorphic non-coding regions of mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA in plants. Mol. Ecol., 4, 129–131.
Dynesius M, Jansson R (2000) Evolutionary consequences of changes in species'geographical distribution driven by Milankovitch climate oscillations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 9115–9120.
Ennos RA (1994) Estimating the relative rates of pollen and seed migration among plant populations. Heredity, 72, 250–259.
Gardner AR, Willis KJ (1999) Prehistoric farming and the postglacial expansion of beech and hornbeam: A comment on Küster. The Holocene, 9, 119–122.
Grivet D, Heinze B, Vendramin GG, Petit RJ (2001) Genome walking with consensus primers: Application to the Large Single Copy region of chloroplast DNA. Mol. Ecol. Notes, 1, 345–349.
Grivet D, Petit RJ (2002) Phylogeography of the common ivy (Hedera sp.) in Europe: genetic differentiation through space and time. Mol. Ecol., in press.
Hardig TM, Brunsfeld SJ, Fritz RS, Morgan M, Orians CM (2000) Morphological and molecular evidence for hybridization and introgression in a willow (Salix) hybrid zone. Mol. Ecol., 9, 9–24.
Hewitt GM(1996) Some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 58, 247–276.
King RA, Ferris C (2000) Chloroplast DNA and nuclear DNA variation in the sympatric alder species, Alnus cordata (Lois.) Duby and A. glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 70, 147–160.
Kumar S, Tamura K, Jakobsen IB, Nei M (2001) MEGA2: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software. Bioinformatics, 17, 1244–1245.
Küster H (1997) The role of farming in the postglacial expansion of beech and hornbeam in the oak woodlands of central Europe. The Holocene, 7, 239–242.
Mohanty A, Martin JP, Aguinagalde I (2000) Chloroplast DNA diversity within and among populations of the allotetraploid Prunus spinosa L. Theor. Appl. Genet., 100, 1304–1310.
Mohanty A, Martin JP, Aguinagalde I (2001) Chloroplast DNA study in wild populations and some cultivars of Prunus avium L. Theor. Appl. Genet., 103, 112–117.
Nicholas KB, Nicholas HB (1997) Genedoc: A tool for editing and annotating multiple sequence alignments. Distributed by the authors.
Oddou S, Petit RJ, Le Guerroué B, Guesnet D, Demesure B (2001) Pollen-versus seed-mediated gene flow in a scattered forest tree species. Evolution, 55, 1123–1135.
Petit E, Excoffier L, Mayer F (1999) No evidence of bottleneck in the postglacial recolonization of Europe by the noctule bat (Nyctalus noctula). Evolution, 53, 1247–1258.
Petit RJ, Kremer A, Wagner DB (1993) Finite island model for organelle and nuclear genes in plants. Heredity, 71, 630–641.
Petit RJ, Pineau E, Demesure B, Bacilieri R, Ducousso A (1997) Chloroplast DNA footprints of postglacial recolonization by oaks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 9996–10001.
Petit RJ, Bialozyt R, Brewer S, Cheddadi R, Comps B (2001) From spatial patterns of genetic diversity to postglacial migration processes in forest trees. In: Integrating ecology and evolution in a spatial context (eds. Silvertown J, Antonovics J), pp. 295–318. Oxford, Blackwell Science.
Pons O and Petit RJ (1995) Estimation, variance and optimal sampling of gene diversity. I. Haploid locus. Theor. Appl. Genet., 90, 462–470.
Pons O and Petit RJ (1996) Measuring and testing genetic differentiation with ordered versus unordered alleles. Genetics, 144, 1237–1245.
Pott R (2000) Palaeoclimate and vegetation-long-term vegetation dynamics in central Europe with particular reference to beech. Phytocoenologia, 30, 285–333.
Ralska-Javiewiczowa M (1964) Correlation between the Holocene history of the Carpinus betulus and prehistoric settlement in North Poland. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 33, 461–468.
Rendell S and Ennos RA (2002) Chloroplast DNA diversity in Calluna vulgaris (heather) populations in Europe. Mol. Ecol., in press.
Rieseberg, LH, Soltis DE (1991) Phylogenetic consequences of cytoplasmic gene flow in plants. Evol. Trends Plants, 5, 65–84.
Santamour FS (1995) Survival, growth, and fertility of Carpinus hybrids. HortScience, 30, 1311.
Taberlet P, Gielly L, Pautou G, Bouvet J (1991) Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Plant Mol. Biol., 17, 1105–1109.
Thompson JD, Higgins DG and Gibson TJ (1994) CLUSTAL W: Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, positions-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucl. Acids Res., 22, 4673–4680.
Tzedakis PC (1994) Vegetation change through glacial-interglacial cycles: A long pollen sequence perspective. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 345, 103–432.
Weising K, Gardner RC (1999) A set of conserved PCR primers for the analysis of simple sequence repeat polymorphisms in chloroplast genomes of dicotyledonous angiosperms. Genome, 42, 9–19.
Widmer A, Lexer C (2001) Glacial refugia: Sanctuaries for allelic richness, but not for gene diversity. Trends Ecol. Evol., 16, 267–269.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grivet, D., Petit, R.J. Chloroplast DNA phylogeography of the hornbeam in Europe: Evidence for a bottleneck at the outset of postglacial colonization. Conservation Genetics 4, 47–56 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021804009832
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021804009832