REFERENCES
Advis, J. P., McCann, S. M., and Negro-Vilar, A. (1980). Evidence that catecholaminergic and peptidergic (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) neurons in suprachiasmatic-medial preoptic, medial basal hypothalamus and median eminence are involved in estrogen-negative feedback. Endocrinology 107:892–901.
Agnati, L. F., Zoli, M., Stromberg, I., and Fuxe, K. (1995). Intercellular communication in the brain: wiring versus volume transmission. Neuroscience 69:711–726.
Baulieu, E. E., and Robel, P. (1990). Neurosteroids: A new brain function? J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 37:395–403.
Belchetz, P. E., Plant, T. M., Nakai, Y., Keogh, E. J., and Knobil, E. (1978). Hypophysial responses to continuous and intermittent delivery of hypopthalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Science 202:631–633.
Blake, C. A., and Sawyer, C. H. (1974). Effects of hypothalamic deafferentation on the pulsatile rhythm in plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone in ovariectomized rats. Endocrinology 94:730–736.
Bonavera, J. J., Sahu, A., Kalra, P. S., and Kalra, S. P. (1993). Evidence that nitric oxide may mediate the ovarian steroid-induced LH surge: Involvement of excitatory amino acids. Endocrinology 133:2481–2487.
Bredt, D. S., and Snyder, S. H. (1990). Isolation of nitric oxide synthetase, a calmodulin-requiring enzyme. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:682–685.
Brown, D., Herbison, A. E., Robinson, J. E., Marrs, R. W., and Leng, G. (1994). Modelling the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone pulse generator. Neuroscience 63:869–879.
Cardenas, H., Ordog, T., O'Byrne, K. T., and Knobil, E. (1993). Single unit components of the hypothalamic multiunit electrical activity associated with the central signal generator that directs the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropic hormones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:9630–9634.
Carmel, P. W., Araki, S., and Ferin, M. (1976). Pituitary stalk portal blood collection in rhesus monkeys: Evidence for pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Endocrinology 99:243–248.
Charnay, Y., Bouras, C., Vallet, P. G., Golaz, J., Guntern, R., and Constantinidis, J. (1989). Immunohistochemical colocalization of delta sleep-inducing peptide and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in rabbit brain neurons. Neuroscience 31:495–505.
Coen, C. W., Montagnese, C., and Opacka-Juffry, J. (1990). Coexistence of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone and galanin: Immunohistochemical and functional studies. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2:107–111.
Crowley, W. F., Filicori, M., Sratt, D. I., and Santoro, N. F. (1985). The physiology of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion in men and women. Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 41:473–531.
Dierschke, D. J., Bhattacharya, A. N., Atkinson, L. E., and Knobil, E. (1970). Circhoral oscillations of plasma LH levels in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey. Endocrinology 87:850–853.
Dyer, R. G., and Robinson, J. E. (1989). The LHRH pulse generator. J. Endocrinol. 123:1–2.
Franoc, B., Guioli, S., Pragliola, A., Incerti, B., Bardoni, B., Tonlorenzi, R., Carrozzo, R., Maestrini, E., Pieretti, M., Taillon-Miller, P., et al. (1991). A gene deleted in Kallmann's syndrome shares homology with neural cell adhesion and axonal path-finding molecules. Nature 353:529–536.
Gally, J. A., Montague, P. R., Reeke, G. J., and Edelman, G. M. (1990). The NO hypothesis: Possible effects of a short-lived, rapidly diffusible signal in the development and function of the nervous system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:3547–3551.
Goretski, J., and Hollocher, T. C. (1988). Trapping of nitric oxide produced during denitrification by extracellular hemoglobin. J. Biol. Chem. 263:2316–2323.
Grossman, A. B., Rossmanith, W. G., Kabigting, E. B., Cadd, G., Clifton, D., and Steiner, R. A. (1994). The distribution of hypothalamic nitric oxide synthase mRNA in relation to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. J. Endocr. 140:R5–R8.
Herbison, A. E., Robinson, J. E., and Skinner, D. C. (1993). Distribution of estrogen receptor-immunoreactive cells in the preoptic area of the ewe: Co-localization with glutamic acid decarboxylase but not luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Neuroendocrinology 57:751–759.
Herbison, A. E., Horvath, T. L., Naftolin, F., and Leranth, C. (1995). Distribution of estrogen receptor-immunoreactive cells in monkey hypothalamus: Relationship to neurones containing luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and tyrosine hydroxylase. Neuroendocrinology 61:1–10.
Hsu, H. K., Chen, F. N., and Peng, M. T. (1980). Some characteristics of the darkly stained area of the medial preoptic area of rats. Neuroendocrinology 31:327–330.
Jacobson, C. D., Shryne, J. E., Shapiro, F., and Gorski, R. A. (1980). Ontogeny of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area. J. Comp. Neurol. 193:541–548.
Jakubowski, M. (1995). Receptor mRNA measurement by multiplex nuclease protection assay. In Sealfon, S. C. (ed.), Methods in Neurosciences: Receptor Molecular Biology, Vol. 25, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, pp. 470–491.
Johnson, E. S., Gendrich, R. L., and White, W. F. (1976). Delay of puberty and inhibition of reproductive processes in the rat by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist analog. Fertil. Steril. 27:853–860.
Kalra, S. P. (1993). Mandatory neuropeptide-steroid signaling for the preovulatory luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone discharge. Endocr. Rev. 14:507–538.
Kalra, S. P., and Kalra, P. S. (1983). Neural regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion in the rat. Endocr. Rev. 4:311–351.
Kawakami, M., Uemura, T., and Hayashi, R. (1982). Electrophysiological correlates of pulsatile gonadotropin release in rats. Neuroendocrinology 35:63–67.
Klungland, H., Andersen, O., Kisen, G., Alestrom, P., and Tora, L. (1993). Estrogen receptor binds to the salmon GnRH gene in a region with long palindromic sequences. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 95:147–154.
Knobil, E. (1980). The neuroendocrine control of the menstrual cycle. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 36:53–88.
Knowles, R. G., Palacios, M., Palmer, R. M., and Moncada, S. (1989). Formation of nitric oxide from L-arginine in the central nervous system: A transduction mechanism for stimulation of the soluble guanylate cyclase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5159–5162.
Koves, K., and Molnar, J. (1986). Effect of various hypothalamic deafferentations injuring diffierent parts of the GnRH pathway on ovulation, GnRH content of the median eminence, and plasma LH and FSH levels. Neuroendocrinology 44:172–183.
Krey, L. C., Butler, W. R., and Knobil, E. (1975). Surgical disconnection of the medial basal hypothalamus and pituitary function in the rhesus monkey. I. Gonadotropin secretion. Endocrinology 96:1073–1087.
Krsmanovic, L. Z., Stojilkovic, S. S., Merelli, F., Dufour, S. M., Virmani, M. A., and Catt, K. J. (1992). Calcium signaling and episodic secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in hypothalamic neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:8462–8466.
Krsmanovic, L. Z., Stojikowic, S. S., Mertz, L. M., Tomic, M., and Catt, K. J. (1993). Expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors and autocrine regulation of neuropeptide release in immortalized hypothalamic neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3908–3912.
Krsmanovic, L. Z., Virmani, M. A., Stojilkovic, S. S., and Catt, K. J. (1994). Stimulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion by acetyl-L-carnitine in hypothalamic neurons and GT1 neuronal cells. Neurosci. Lett. 165:33–36.
Kuiper, G. G. J. M., Enmark, E., Pelto-Huikko, M., Nilsson, S., and Gustafsson, J.-Å. (1996). Cloning of a novel estrogen receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:5925–5930.
Legouis, R., Hardelin, J. P., Levilliers, J., Claverie, J. M., Compain, S., Wunderle, V., Millasseau, P., Le Paslier, D., Cohen, D., Caterina, D., et al. (1991). The candidate gene for the X-linked Kallmann syndrome encodes a protein related to adhesion molecules. Cell 67:423–435.
Lehman, M. N., and Karsch, F. J. (1993). Do gonadotropin-releasing hormone, tyrosine hydroxylase-, and beta-endorphin-immunoreactive neurons contain estrogen receptors? A double-label immunocytochemical study in the Suffolk ewe. Endocrinology 133:887–895.
Leppaluoto, J., Laisi, U., Lybeck, H., Partanen, J., and Virkkunen, R. T. (1975). Pulsatile secretion of ACTH, GH, LH and TSH in man. Acta Physiol. Scand. 95:470–476.
Léránth, C., Seguraum, L. M. G., Palkovits, M., McLusky, N. J., Shanabrough, M., and Naftolin, F. (1985). The LHRH containing neuronal network in the preoptic area of the rat: Demonstration of LHRH containing nerve terminals in synaptic contact with LHRH neurons. Brain Res. 345:332–336.
Liposits, Z., Merchenthaler, I., Wetsel, W. C., Reid, J. J., Mellon, P. L., Weiner, R. I., and Negro-Vilar, A. (1991). Morphological characterization of immortalized hypothalamic neurons synthesizing luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Endocrinology 129:1575–1583.
Liposits, Z., Reid, J. J., Negro-Vilar, A., and Merchenthaler, I. (1995). Sexual dimorphism in copackaging of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and galanin into neurosecretory vesicles of hypophysiotropic neurons: Estrogen dependency. Endocrinology 136:1987–1992.
López, F. J., and Negro-Vilar, A. (1990). Galanin stimulates luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone secretion from arcuate nucleus-median eminence fragments in vitro: Involvement of an alpha-adrenergic mechanism. Endocrinology 127:2431–2436.
López, F. J., Merchenthaler, I., Ching, M., Wisniewski, M. G., and Negro-Vilar, A. (1993). Galanin: A hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormone modulating reproductive functions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:4508–4512.
López, F. J., Moretto, M., Merchenthaler, I., Petrusz, P., and Negro-Vilar, A. (1992). Nitric oxide (NO) as a possible synchronizing neuronal messenger for the LHRH pulse generator. Paper presented at the Satellite Symposium on Gonadotropins, GnRH, GnRH analogs, and Gonadal Peptides, Paris, France.
López, F. J., Moretto, M., Merchenthaler, I., and Negro-Vilar, A. (1994). Nitric oxide (NO) is produced in immortalized LHRH-secreting neurons (GT1-7 cells) and stimulates LHRH release in a cGMP-dependent manner. Paper presented at the 76th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, Annaheim, CA.
López, F. J., Merchenthaler, I., Pérez, C., Shughrue, P., Deecher, D., Komm, B., Meade, E. H., and Negro-Vilar, A. (1995). Presence of estrogen receptors and galanin (GAL) in immortalized LHRH neurons: Estrogenic modulation of GAL gene expression. Paper presented at the 76th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, Washington DC.
Mahachoklertwattana, P., Black, S. M., Kaplan, S. L., Bristow, J. D., and Grumbach, M. M. (1994). Nitric oxide synthesized by GnRH neurons is a mediator of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced GnRH secretion. Endocrinology 135:1709–1713.
Marks, D. L., Wiemann, J. N., Burton, K. A., Lent, K. L., Clifton, D. K., and Steiner, R. A. (1992). Simultaneous visualization of two cellular mRNA species in individual neurons by the use of a new double in situ visualization method. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 3:395–405.
Marks, D. L., Smith, M. S., Vrontakis, M., Clifton, D. K., and Steiner, R. A. (1993). Regulation of galanin gene expression in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons during the estrous cycle of the rat. Endocrinology 132:1836–1844.
Martin, J. B., Renaud, L. P., and Brazeau, P., Jr. (1974). Pulsatile growth hormone secretion: Suppression by hypothalamic ventromedial lesions and by long-acting somatostatin. Science 186:538–540.
Martínez de la Escalera, G., Choi, A. L., and Weiner, R. I. (1992). Generation and synchronization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses: Intrinsic properties of the GT1-1 GnRH neuronal cell line. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:1852–1855.
Mason, A. J., Hayflick, J. S., Zoeller, R. T., et al. (1986). A deletion truncating the GnRH gene is responsible for hypogonadism in the hpg mouse. Science 234:1366–1371.
Mellon, P. L., Windle, J. J., Goldsmith, P. C., Padula, C. A., Roberts, J. L., and Weiner, R. I. (1990). Immortalization of hypothalamic GnRH neurons by genetically targeted tumorigenesis. Neuron 5:1–10.
Melrose, P., Gross, L., Cruse, I., and Rush, M. (1987). Isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons harvested from adult male rats secrete biologically active neuropeptide in a regular repetitive manner. Endocrinology 121:182–189.
Merchenthaler, I., Kovacs, G., Lavasz, G., and Setalo, G. (1980). The preoptico-infundibular LH-RH tract of the rat. Brain Res. 198:63–74.
Merchenthaler, I., Gorcs, T., Setalo, G., Petrusz, P., and Flerko, B. (1984). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons and pathways in the rat brain. Cell Tissue Res. 237:15–29.
Merchenthaler, I., Setalo, G., Csontos, C., Petrusz, P., Flerko, B., and Negro-Vilar, A. (1989). Combined retrograde tracing and immunocytochemical identification of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-and somatostatin-containing neurons projecting to the median eminence of the rat. Endocrinology 125:2812–2821.
Merchenthaler, I., López, F. J., and Negro-Vilar, A. (1990). Colocalization of galanin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in a subset of preoptic hypothalamic neurons: Anatomical and functional correlates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:6326–6330.
Merchenthaler, I., López, F. J., Lennard, D. E., and Negro-Vilar, A. (1991). Sexual differences in the distribution of neurons coexpressing galanin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the rat brain. Endocrinology 129:1977–1986.
Merchenthaler, I., Lennard, D. E., López, F. J., and Negro-Vilar, A. (1993a). Neonatal imprinting predetermines the sexually dimorphic, estrogen-dependent expression of galanin in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10479–10483.
Merchenthaler, I., López, F. J., and Negro-Vilar, A. (1993b). Anatomy and physiology of central galanin-containing pathways. Prog. Neurobiol. 40:711–769.
Midgley, A. R., Jr., and Jaffe, R. B. (1971). Regulation of human gonadotropins. X. Episodic fluctuation of LH during the menstrual cycle. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 33:962–969.
Moncada, S., Palmer, R. M. J., and Higgs, E. A. (1991). Nitric oxide: Physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol. Rev. 43:109–142.
Moretto, M., López, F. J., and Negro-Vilar, A. (1993). Nitric oxide regulates luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone secretion. Endocrinology 133:2399–2402.
Mori, Y., Nishihara, M., Tanaka, T., Shimizu, T., Yamaguchi, M., Takeuchi, Y., and Hoshino, K. (1991). Chronic recording of electrophysiological manifestation of the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity in the goat. Neuroendocrinology 53:392–395.
Negro-Vilar, A., Ojeda, S. R., and McCann, S. M. (1979). Catecholaminergic modulation of LHRH release by median eminence terminals in vitro. Endocrinology 104:1749–1757.
Negro-Vilar, A., López, F. J., Merchenthaler, I., and Wetsel, W. (1993). Steroid effects on LHRH cells. In Mornex, R., Jaffiol, C., and Leclèr, J. (eds.), Progress in Endocrinology, Parthenon, New York, pp. 152–154.
Ohkura, S., Tsukamura, H., and Maeda, K.-I. (1991). Effects of various types of hypothalamic deafferentation on luteinizing hormone pulses in ovariectomized rats. J. Neuroendocrinol. 3:503–508.
Palkovits, M., Arimura, A., Brownstein, M., Schally, A. V., and Saavedra, J. M. (1974). Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) content of the hypothalamic nuclei in rat. Endocrinology 95:554–558.
Palmer, R. M., Ashton, D. S., and Moncada, S. (1988). Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from L-arginine. Nature 333:664–666.
Parker, D. C., Rossman, L. G., and Vander Laan, E. F. (1973). Sleep-related, nychthermeral and briefly episodic variation in human plasma prolactin concentrations. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 36:1119–1124.
Petersen, S. L., McCrone, S., Keller, M., and Gardner, E. (1991). Rapid increase in LHRH mRNA levels following NMDA. Endocrinology 129:1679–1681.
Poletti, A., Melcangi Cosimo, R., Negri-Cesi, P., Maggi, R., and Martini, L. (1994). Steroid binding and metabolism in the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-producing neuronal cell line GT1-1. Endocrinology 135:2623–2628.
Radovick, S., Ticknor, C. M., Nakayama, Y., Notides, A. C., Rahman, A., Weintraub, S. D., Cutler, G. B., and Wondisford, F. E. (1991). Evidence for direct estrogen regulation of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene. J. Clin. Invest. 88:1649–1655.
Rasmussen, D. D. (1993). Episodic gonadotropin-releasing hormone release from the rat isolated median eminence in vitro. Neuroendocrinology 58:511–518.
Rasmussen, D. D., Gambacciani, M., Swartz, W., Tueros, V. S., and Yen, S. S. (1989). Pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone release from the human mediobasal hypothalamus in vitro: Opiate receptor-mediated suppression. Neuroendocrinology 49:150–156.
Reisert, I., and Pilgrim, C. (1991). Sexual differentiation of monoaminergic neurons—genetic or epigenetic? Trends Neurosic. 14:468–473.
Schott, D. R., Shyamala, G., Scheneider, W., and Parry, G. (1991). Molecular cloning, sequence analyses, and expression of complementary DNA encoding murine progesterone receptor. Biochemistry 30:7014–7020.
Schwanzel-Fukuda, M., and Pfaff, D. W. (1988). Origin of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons. Nature 338:161–164.
Setalo, G., Vigh, S., Hagino, N., and Flerko, B. (1976). Immunohistological observations on the “hypophysiotrophic” area of the hypothalamus. Acta Morphol. Acad. Sci. Hungaricae 24:79–91.
Shivers, B. D., Harlan, R. E., Morrell, J. I., and Pfaff, D. W. (1983). Absence of oestradiol concentration in cell nuclei of LHRH-immunoreactive neurones. Nature 304:345–347.
Shughrue, P. J., Komm, B., and Merchenthaler, I. (1996). The distribution of estrogen receptor beta mRNA in the rat hypothalamus. Steroids 61:678–681.
Silverman, A. J., Zimmerman, E. A., Gibson, M. J., Perlow, M. J., Charlton, H. M., Kokoris, G. J., and Krieger, D. T. (1985). Implantation of normal fetal preoptic area into hypogonadal mutant mice: Temporal relationships of the growth of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons and the development of the pituitary/testicular axis. Neuroscience 16:69–84.
Silverman, A. J., Wilson, R., Kesner, J. S., and Knobil, E. (1986). Hypothalamic localization of multiunit electrical activity associated with pulsatile LH release in the rhesus monkey. Neuroendocrinology 44:168–171.
Silverman, A. J., Silverman, R., Lehman, M. N., Witkin, J. W., and Millar, R. P. (1987). Localization of a peptide sequence contained in the precursor to gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Brain Res. 402:346–350.
Snyder, S. H. (1992). Nitric oxide: First in a new class of neurotransmitters? Science 257:494–496.
Sullivan, K. A., Witkin, J. W., Ferin, M., and Silverman, A. J. (1995). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the rhesus macaque are not immunoreactive for the estrogen receptor. Brain Res. 685:198–200.
Valença, M. M., Johnston, C. A., Ching, M., and Negro-Vilar, A. (1987). Evidence for a negative ultrashort loop feedback mechanism operating on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neuronal system. Endocrinology 121:2256–2259.
Wallach, E. E., DeCherney, A. H., Russ, D., Duckett, G., Garcia, C. R., and Root, A. W. (1973). Episodic secretion of LH and FSH after ovariectomy. Secretory patterns in response to estrogen and progesterone. Obstet. Gynecol. 41:227–233.
Watson, R. E., Langub, M. C., and Landis, J. W. (1992). Further evidence that most luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons are not directly estrogen-responsive: Simultaneous localisation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and estrogen receptor immunoreactivity. J. Neuroendocrinol. 4:311–318.
Weiner, R. I., and Martinez de la Escalera, G. (1993). Pulsatile release of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) is an intrinsic property of GT1 GnRH neuronal cell lines. Hum. Reprod. 2:13–17.
Weiner, R. I., Wetsel, W., Goldsmith, P., Martínez de la Escalera, G., Windle, J., Padula, C., Choi, A., Negro-Vilar, A., and Mellon, P. (1992). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal cell lines. Frontiers Neuroendocrinol. 13:95–119.
Wetsel, W. C., Mellon, P. L., Weiner, R. I., and Negro Vilar, A. (1991). Metabolism of pro-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in immortalized hypothalamic neurons. Endocrinology 129:1584–1595.
Wetsel, W. C., Valença, M. M., Merchenthaler, I., Liposits, Z., López, F. J., Weiner, R. I., Mellon, P. L., and Negro-Vilar, A. (1992). Intrinsic pulsatile secretory activity of immortalized LHRH-secreting neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:4149–4153.
White, R., Lees, J. A., Needham, M., Ham, J., and Parker, M. (1987). Structural organization and expression of the mouse estrogen receptor. Mol. Endocrinol. 1:735–744.
Wierman, M. E., Kepa, J. K., Sun, W., Gordon, D. F., and Wood, W. M. (1992). Estrogen negatively regulates rat gonadotropin releasing hormone (rGnRH) promoter activity in transfected placental cells. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 86:1–10.
Wilson, R. C., Kesner, J. S., Kaufman, J. M., Uemura, T., Akema, T., and Knobil, E. (1984). Central electrophysiologic correlates of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in the rhesus monkey. Neuroendocrinology 39:256–260.
Wray, S., Grant, P., and Gainer, H. (1989). Evidence that cells expressing luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone mRNA in the mouse are derived from progenitor cells in the olfactory placode. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:8132–8136.
Zanisi, M., Messi, E., Motta, M., and Martini, L. (1987). Ultrashort feedback control of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone secretion in vitro. Endocrinology 121:2199–2204.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
López, F.J., Merchenthaler, I.J., Moretto, M. et al. Modulating Mechanisms of Neuroendocrine Cell Activity: The LHRH Pulse Generator. Cell Mol Neurobiol 18, 125–146 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022531411717
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022531411717