Skip to main content
Log in

Photorelease of tyrosine from a-carboxy-6-nitroveratryl (aCNV) derivatives

  • Paper
  • Published:
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The synthesis of photolabile tyrosine derivatives protected on the phenolic oxygen by the α-carboxy-6-nitroveratryl (αCNV) protecting group is described. The compounds undergo rapid photolysis at wavelengths longer than 300 nm to liberate the corresponding phenol in excellent yield (quantum yield for the deprotection of tyrosine = 0.19). Further protection of caged tyrosine is possible, yielding N-Fmoc protected derivatives suitable for direct incorporation of caged tyrosine in solid-phase peptide synthesis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. K. C. Nicolaou, E. P. Schreiner and W. Stahl, Synthesis of Dynemicin A - Calicheamicin Hybrid Structures, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1991, 30, 585–588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. S. A. Sundberg, R. W. Barrett, M. Pirrung, A. L. Lu, B. Kiangsoontra and C. P. Holmes, Spatially-addessable immobilization of macromolecules on solid supports, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 12050–12057.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. S. A. MacDonald, C. G. Willson, J. M. J. Fréchet, Chemical amplification in high-resolution imaging systems, Acc. Chem. Res., 1994, 27, 151–158.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. K. Moffat, Time-Resolved Biochemical Crystallography: A Mechanistic Perspective, Chem. Rev., 2001, 101, 1569–1581.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. C. W. Wharton, Infrared spectroscopy of enzyme reaction intermediates, Nat. Prod. Rep., 2000, 17, 447–453.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. A. M. Gurney and H. A. Lester, Light-flash physiology with synthetic photosensitive compounds, Physiol. Rev., 1987, 67, 583–617.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. For recent reviews, see

  8. H. Yu, J. Li, D. Wu, Z. Qiu and Y. Zhang, Chemistry and biological applications of photo-labile organic molecules, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2010, 39, 464–473.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. H.-M. Lee, D. R. Larson and D. S. Lawrence, Illuminating the chemistry of life: Design, synthesis, and applications of “caged” and related photoresponsive compounds, ACS Chem. Biol., 2009, 4, 409–427.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. D. D. Young and A. Deiters, Photochemical control of biological processes, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2007, 5, 999–1005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. G. Mayer and A. Heckel, Biologically active molecules with a “light switch”, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2006, 45, 4900–4921.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. A. P. Pelliccioli and J. Wirz, Photoremovable protecting groups: Reaction mechanisms and applications, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2002, 1, 441–458.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. A. Z. Suzuki, T. Watanabe, M. Kawamoto, K. Nishiyama, H. Yamashita, M. Ishii, M. Iwamura and T. Furuta, Coumarin-4-ylmethoxycarbonyls as Phototriggers for Alcohols and Phenols, Org. Lett., 2003, 5, 4867–4870.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. C. Ma, Y. Chen and M. G. Steinmetz, Photochemical cleavage and release of para-substituted phenols from a-keto amides, J. Org. Chem., 2006, 71, 4206–4215.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Y. Chen and M. G. Steinmetz, Photoactivation of amino-substituted 1,4-benzoquinones for release of carboxylate and phenolate leaving groups using visible light, J. Org. Chem., 2006, 71, 6053–6060.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. J. Jia, M. G. Steinmetz, R. Shukla and R. Rathore, Photochemical electrocyclization of a,ß-unsaturated anilides to give zwitterionic intermediates which eliminate carboxylate and phenolate leaving groups, Tetrahedron Lett., 2008, 49, 4621–4623.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. J. Literák, J. Wirz, P. Klán, 2,5-dimethylphenacyl carbonates: A photoremovable protecting group for alcohols and phenols, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2005, 4, 43–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. A. Hassner, D. Yagudayev, T. K. Pradhan, A. Nudelman and B. Amit, Light-sensitive protecting groups for amines and alcohols: The photosolvolysis of n-substituted 7-nitroindolines, Synlett, 2007, 2405–2409.

    Google Scholar 

  19. V. Hagen, B. Dekowski, N. Kotzur, R. Lechler, B. Wiesner, B. Briand and M. Beyermann, 7-[Bis(carboxymethyl)amino]coumarin-4-ylmethoxycarbonyl derivatives for photorelease of carboxylic acids, alcohols/phenols, thioalcohols/thiophenols, and amines, Chem.–Eur. J., 2008, 14, 1621–1627.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. V. Hagen, F. Kilic, J. Schaal, B. Dekowski, R. Schmidt and N. Kotzur, [8-[Bis(carboxymethyl)aminomethyl]-6-bromo-7-hydroxycoumarin-4-yl]methyl Moieties as photoremovable protecting groups for compounds with COOH, NH2, OH, and CO functions, J. Org. Chem., 2010, 75, 2790–2797.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. B. V. Zemelman, N. Nesnas, G. A. Lee and G. Miesenbock, Photochemical gating of heterologous ion channels: remote control over genetically designated populations of neurons, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2003, 100, 1352–1357.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. A. R. Katritzky, Y.-J. Xu, A. V. Vakulenko, A. L. Wilcox and K. R. Bley, Model compounds of caged capsaicin: design, synthesis, and photoreactivity, J. Org. Chem., 2003, 68, 9100–9104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. J. L. Carr, K. N. Wease, M. P. Van Ryssen, S. Paterson, B. Agate, K. A. Gallagher, C. T. A. Brown, R. H. Scott and S. J. Conway, In vitro photo-release of a TRPV1 agonist, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2006, 16, 208–212.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. M. P. Van Ryssen, N. Avlonitis, R. Giniatullin, C. McDougall, J. L. Carr, M. N. Stanton-Humphreys, E. L. A. Borgström, C. T. A. Brown, D. Fayuk, A. Surin, M. Niittykoski, L. Khirouge and S. J. Conway, Synthesis, photolysis studies and in vitro photorelease of caged TRPV1 agonists and antagonists, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2009, 7, 4695–4707.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. For caged examples, see

  26. J. W. Walker, H. Martin, F. R. Schmitt and R. J. Barsotti, Rapid release of an a-adrenergic receptor ligand from photolabile analogues, Biochemistry, 1993, 32, 1338–1345.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. S. Muralidharan and J. M. Nerbonne, Photolabile ‘caged’ adrenergic receptor agonists and related model compounds, J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 1995, 27, 123–137.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. W. A. Boyle, S. Muralidharan, G. M. Maher and J. M. Nerbonne, Vascular actions of ‘caged’ phenylephrine analogs depend on the structure and site of attachment of the 2-nitrobenzyl group, J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 1997, 41, 233–244.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. For caged examples, see

  30. Y. Tatsu, Y. Shigeri, S. Sogabe, N. Yumoto and S. Yoshikawa, Solid-phase synthesis of caged peptides using tyrosine modified with a photocleavable protecting group: Application to the synthesis of caged neuropeptide Y, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1996, 227, 688–693.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. R. Sreekumar, M. Ikebe, F. S. Fay and J. W. Walker, Biologically active peptides caged on tyrosine, Methods Enzymol., 1998, 291, 78–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. J. W. Walker, S. H. Gilbert, R. M. Drummond, M. Yamada, R. Sreekumar, R. E. Carraway, M. Ikebe and F. S. Fay, Signaling pathways underlying eosinophil cell motility revealed by using caged peptides, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 1998, 95, 1568–1573.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. J. C. Miller, S. K. Silverman, P. M. England, D. A. Dougherty and H. A. Lester, Flash decaging of tyrosine sidechains in an ion channel, Neuron, 1998, 20, 619–624.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Y. Tong, G. S. Brandt, M. Li, G. Shapovalov, E. Slimko, A. Karschin, D. A. Dougherty and H. A. Lester, Tyrosine decaging leads to substantial membrane trafficking during modulation of an inward rectifier potassium channel, J. Gen. Physiol., 2001, 117, 103–118.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. K. D. Philipson, J. P. Gallivan, G. S. Brandt, D. A. Dougherty and H. A. Lester, Incorporation of caged cysteine and caged tyrosine into a transmembrane segment of the nicotinic ACh receptor, Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 2001, 281, C195–C206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. S. Bourgault, M. Létourneau and A. Fournier, Development of photolabile caged analogs of endothelin-1, Peptides, 2007, 28, 1074–1082.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. D. D. Young and A. Deiters, Photochemical hammerhead ribozyme activation, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2006, 16, 2658–2661.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. N. Kotzur, B. Briand, M. Beyermann and V. Hagen, Competition between cleavage and decarboxylation in photolysis of a-carboxy-2-nitrobenzyl protected cysteine derivatives, Chem. Commun., 2009, 3255–3257.

    Google Scholar 

  39. A. G. Russell, M.-E. Ragoussi, R. Ramalho, C. W. Wharton, D. Carteau, D. M. Bassani and J. S. Snaith, a-Carboxy-6-nitroveratryl: A photolabile protecting group for carboxylic acids, J. Org. Chem., 2010, 75, 4648–4651.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. D. Gilbert, K. Funk, B. Dekowski, R. Lechler, S. Keller, F. Möhrlen, S. Frings and V. Hagen, Caged capsaicins: New tools for the examination of TRPV1 channels in somatosensory neurons, ChemBioChem, 2007, 8, 89–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Released product and remaining starting material were determined by integration of the relevant resonances in the NMR spectrum in comparison to an internal standard, or by integration of the peak areas in the HPLC trace in comparison to standards of known concentration.

  42. B. G. Gowenlock, W. Lüttke, Structure and properties of C-nitroso-compounds, Q. Rev. Chem. Soc., 1958, 12, 321–340.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. W. Ried and M. Wilk, Zur Photochemie ungesättigter Nitroverbindungen (I) Über den Einfluß der Substitution auf die Lichtumlagerung von o-Nitroazomethinen, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1954, 590, 91–110.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. The rates of photolysis of the Boc-protected caged Tyr derivatives 5 and 11 in 20% aq EtOH were found to be 1.3 × 105 and 7.0 × 104 s-1, respectively.

  45. J. W. Walker, G. P. Reid, J. A. McCray and D. R. Trentham, Photolabile 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl phosphate esters of adenine nucleotide analogues. Synthesis and mechanism of photolysis, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 7170–7177.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. A. Barth, K. Hauser, W. Mäntele, J. E. T. Corrie and D. R. Trentham, Photochemical release of ATP from ‘caged ATP’ studied by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 10311–10316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. A. Barth, J. E. T. Corrie, M. J. Gradwell, Y. Maeda, W. Mäntele, T. Meier and D. R. Trentham, Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy of intermediates and products from photolysis of 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl phosphates: Reaction of the 2- nitrosoacetophenone byproduct with thiols, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 4149–4159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Y. V. Il’ichev, M. A. Schwörer and J. Wirz, Photochemical Reaction Mechanisms of 2-Nitrobenzyl Compounds: Methyl Ethers and Caged ATP, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 4581–4595.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. J. E. T. Corrie, A. Barth, V. R. N. Munasinghe, D. R. Trentham and M. C. Hutter, Photolytic cleavage of 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl ethers involves two parallel pathways and product release is rate-limited by decomposition of a common hemiacetal intermediate, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 8546–8554.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Dario M. Bassani or John S. Snaith.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Russell, A.G., Sadler, M.J., Laidlaw, H.J. et al. Photorelease of tyrosine from a-carboxy-6-nitroveratryl (aCNV) derivatives. Photochem Photobiol Sci 11, 556–563 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2pp05320a

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c2pp05320a

Navigation