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Tilling the Soil in Tanzania: What do Emerging Economies have to Offer?

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Abstract

Over the last two decades Tanzania’s economic growth has been disproportionately biased towards industry and services, denying farmers the distributional benefits that accompany progress. Rectifying the situation requires appropriate tillage tools to raise agricultural productivity. Past attempts to either identify local tools or import technologies from advanced countries yielded limited benefits. Coincidentally, China and India have recently been developing power tillers suitable for their own production environment. Because these emerging economies are themselves developing, we hypothesize that the technologies they generate could benefit other developing countries. This article compares emerging economy power tillers with advanced country power tillers on 95 rice farms in Tanzania. Despite their adverse environmental impact, we conclude that emerging economy power tillers are more beneficial to the poor than are advanced country tillers as they provide a low acquisition cost point of entry for cash constrained producers and are more employment-intensive, and in some cases more economically profitable.

Abstract

Au cours des deux dernières décennies, la croissance économique en Tanzanie a été d’une façon disproportionnée biaisée dans le sens de l’industrie et des services, refusant à des agriculteurs les avantages distributionnels qui accompagnent le progrès. La rectification de la situation exige des outils appropriés de travail du sol afin d’améliorer la productivité agricole. Les dernières tentatives visant soit à identifier les outils locaux soit à importer les technologies des pays avancés, ont donné des avantages limités. Fortuitement, la Chine et l’Inde développent depuis peu des fraises rotatives appropriées à leur propre environnement de production. Puisque ces économies émergeantes elles-mêmes se développent, nous présumons que les technologies qu’elles produisent pourraient bénéficier aux autres pays en voie de développement. Ce document compare l’économie émergeante et les fraises rotatives des pays développés sur 95 cultures de riz en Tanzanie. En dépit de leur impact défavorable sur l’environnement, nous concluons que les fraises rotatoires des économies émergeantes sont plus bénéfiques aux pauvres qu’aux fraises rotatoires des pays développés puisqu’elles fournissent un moindre coût de frais d’acquisition d’entrée pour les producteurs contraints par argent liquide et nécessitent davantage d’emplois.

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Notes

  1. Econometric estimates suggest that the marginal decline in poverty observed over this period is simply because of sampling variability; poverty did not decline at all (Mkenda et al, 2009).

  2. Frugal innovation is viewed as a process of transforming products from their technical complexities while retaining their basic functionality.

  3. For example, it takes an average man 12 days of 5 hours of intensive work to plough 1 acre with a hand hoe. For the same parcel of land, it takes a pair of oxen with 2 operators 2 days of 5 hours’ work each. When a power tiller is employed for the same assignment, it takes an average of 3.5 hours with 1 man. The average tractor ploughs an acre within an hour with one operator (Key informant interview with a mechanization officer in Tanzania, 2012).

  4. Assuming that, under our present objective of improving productivity, hand hoe and oxen ploughs are not promising enough.

  5. In regions of the country where there is adequate supply of irrigation water, or bi-modal rainfall pattern, interaction with users shows that higher capacity utilization is achieved. For instance, in the Babati Region (where there are two raining seasons) farmers are able to use their power tillers twice in the year, thus considerably increasing the number of acres tilled.

  6. The current flat rate of 10 acres of land as a collateral can be modified to reflect the prices of machines.

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Agyei-Holmes, A. Tilling the Soil in Tanzania: What do Emerging Economies have to Offer?. Eur J Dev Res 28, 379–396 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2016.14

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