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Osteoporosis risk assessment and ethnicity

Validation and comparison of 2 clinical risk stratification instruments

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), coupled with early treatment, may reduce morbidity and mortality associated with osteoporosis. Clinical tools to enhance selection of women for DXA screening have not been developed or validated in an ethnically diverse population.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the performance of the osteoporosis risk assessment instrument (ORAI) and the simple calculated osteoporosis risk estimation (SCORE) instrument across 3 racial/ethnic groups to identify women who would benefit from DXA scans.

DESIGN: Blinded comparison of the instruments in a cross-sectional sample.

PARTICIPANTS: Two-hundred twenty-six postmenopausal women were recruited from a university-based family medicine clinic. Women with a prior diagnosis of osteoporosis or those taking bone active medications were excluded.

MEASUREMENTS: Participants completed a questionnaire that contained the ORAI and the SCORE questions; 203 completed a DXA scan.

RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity for the ORAI (0.68, [0.49 to 0.88, 95% CI]; 0.66, [0.59 to 0.73, 95% CI]) and the SCORE instrument (0.54, [0.34 to 0.75, 95% CI]; 0.72, [0.65 to 0.78, 95% CI]) differed significantly from previous reports. Overall, the accuracy of the ORAI (66.5%) and SCORE instrument (70.0%) were similar (McNemar’s test P value=37). The accuracy between instruments differed significantly in African-American women (McNemar’s test, P value <.001). In African Americans, the SCORE instrument correctly identified more women without osteoporosis, but missed 70% of those with osteoporosis.

CONCLUSIONS: The performance of the ORAI and SCORE instrument differed significantly from previous reports. Although both can reduce the use of DXA scans for screening for osteoporosis, lower sensitivities resulted in underrecognition of osteoporosis and may limit their clinical usefulness in an ethnically diverse population.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., 77555-1123, Galveston, TX

    Alvah R. Cass MD, SM, Angela J. Shepherd MD & Carol A. Carlson BA

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  1. Alvah R. Cass MD, SM
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  2. Angela J. Shepherd MD
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  3. Carol A. Carlson BA
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Correspondence to Alvah R. Cass MD, SM.

Additional information

Prior presentations: Clinical Stratification of Risk for Osteoporosis in Women from an Ethnically Diverse Population, October 25 to 28, 2003, Banff, Alberta, Canada, North American Primary Care Research Group Annual Meeting.

Conflict of interest notification: The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

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Cass, A.R., Shepherd, A.J. & Carlson, C.A. Osteoporosis risk assessment and ethnicity. J Gen Intern Med 21, 630–635 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00459.x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00459.x

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