Abstract
Much research has been conducted to obtain insights into the basic laws governing human travel behaviour. While the traditional travel survey has been for a long time the main source of travel data, recent approaches to use GPS data, mobile phone data, or the circulation of bank notes as a proxy for human travel behaviour are promising. The present study proposes a further source of such proxy-data: the social network. We collect data using an innovative snowball sampling technique to obtain details on the structure of a leisure-contacts network. We analyse the network with respect to its topology, the individuals’ characteristics, and its spatial structure. We further show that a multiplication of the functions describing the spatial distribution of leisure contacts and the frequency of physical contacts results in a trip distribution that is consistent with data from the Swiss travel survey.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
R. Follmer, U. Kunert, J. Kloas, H. Kuhfeld, Tech. rep., infas/DIW, 2004, www.kontiv2002.de
ARE/BFS, Mobilität in der Schweiz, Ergebnissse des Mikrozensus 2005 zum Verkehrsverhalten (2007)
K.W. Axhausen, A. Zimmermann, S. Schönfelder, G. Rindsfüser, T. Haupt, Transportation 29, 95 (2002)
N. Schüssler, K.W. Axhausen, Transp. Res. Rec. 2105, 28 (2009)
M. González, C. Hidalgo, A.L. Barabási, Nature 453, 779 (2008)
D. Brockmann, L. Hufnagel, T. Geisel, Nature 439, 462 (2006)
K.W. Axhausen, N. Schüssler, Improving and replacing travel diaries using mobile tracing? presentation at Mobile Tartu (2010)
M.E.J. Newman, Phys. Rev. E 64 (2001)
L.A.N. Amaral, A. Scala, M. Barthélémy, H.E. Stanley, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 11149 (2000)
H. Ebel, L.I. Mielsch, S. Bornholdt, Phys. Rev. E 66, 1 (2002)
B. Latané, J.H. Liu, A. Nowak, M. Bonevento, L. Zheng, Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 21, 795 (1995)
C. Johnson, R.P. Gilles, Rev. Econ. Desgin 5, 273 (2000)
L.H. Wong, P. Pattison, G. Robins, Physica A 360, 99 (2006)
D. Mok, B. Wellman, R. Basu, Social Netw. 29, 430 (2007)
G. Daraganova, Ph.D. thesis, University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, 2008
J. Larsen, J. Urry, K.W. Axhausen, Mobilities, Networks, Geographies (Ashgate, Aldershot, 2006)
J. Larsen, J. Urry, K.W. Axhausen, Information, Commun. Soc. 11, 640 (2008)
J.A. Carrasco, Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, 2006
J. Silvis, D. Niemeier, R. D’Souza, Social networks and travel behaviour: Report from an integrated travel diary, in Proceedings of the meeting of the International Association for Travel Behavior Research (IATBR) (Kyoto, Japan, 2006)
A. Frei, K.W. Axhausen, Working Paper 439, ETH Zürich, Institute for Transport Planning and Systems, 2007
P. van den Berg, T. Arentze, H. Timmermans, Social networks, ICT use and activity travel patterns: Data collection and first analyses, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning (Eindhoven, 2008)
M. Kowald, A. Frei, J. Hackney, J. Illenberger, K.W. Axhausen, Working Paper 582, ETH Zürich, Institute for Transport Planning and Systems, 2009
M. Kowald, K.W. Axhausen, Environment and Planning A (forthcoming)
B. Hogan, J.A. Carrasco, B. Wellman, Field Methods 19, 116 (2007)
B.H. Erickson, Sociol. Method. 10, 276 (1979)
S. Gabler, ZUMA-Nachrichten 16, 47 (1992)
M. McPherson, L. Smith-Lovin, J.M. Cook, Annual Rev. Sociol. 27, 415 (2001)
C. Steglich, T.A.B. Snijders, Sociol. Method. 40, 329 (2010)
G. Kossinets, D.J. Watts, Am. J. Sociol. 115, 405 (2009)
Standard Definitions: Final Dispositions of Case Codes and Outcome Rates for Surveys (The American Association for Public Opinion Research, 2009)
K.W. Axhausen, C. Weiss, Survey Practice 3 (2009) http://surveypractice.org/2010/04
P.V. Mardsen, Ann. Rev. Sociol. 16, 435 (1990)
L.A. Goodman, Ann. Math. Statist. 32, 148 (1961)
D.D. Heckathorn, Social Probl. 44, 174 (1997)
D.D. Heckathorn, Social Probl. 49, 11 (2002)
O. Frank, Estimation of population totals by use of snowball samples (Academic Press, New York, 1979), pp. 319–346
J. Johnson, J. Boster, D. Holbert, Social Netw. 11, 135 (1989)
T.A.B. Snijders, Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique 36, 59 (1992)
O. Frank, T. Snijders, J. Official Statistics 10, 53 (1994)
E. Volz, D.D. Heckathorn, J. Official Statistics 24, 79 (2008)
K.J. Gile, M.S. Handcock, Sociol. Method. 40, 285 (2010)
J. Illenberger, G. Flötteröd, Working Paper 11-01, TU Berlin, Transport Systems Planning and Transport Telematics, 2011
M. Andre, K. Ijaz, J.D. Tillinghast, V.E. Krebs, L.A. Diem, B. Metchock, T. Crisp, P.D. McElroy, Am. J. Publ. Health 96, 1 (2006)
W. Aiello, F. Chung, L. Lu, A Random Graph Model for Massive Graphs, in Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (Association of Computing Machinery, New York, 2000), pp. 171–180
M.E.J. Newman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 1 (2002)
M.E.J. Newman, SIAM Rev. 45, 167 (2003)
G.F. Davis, M. Yoo, W.E. Baker, Strate. Organ. 1, 301 (2003)
R. Dunbar, Behav. Brain Sci. 16, 681 (1993)
J.W. Turkey, Exploratory data analysis (Addison Wesley, 1977)
S. Milgram, Psycology Today 2, 60 (1967)
T. Smieszek, M. Balmer, J. Hattendorf, K.W. Axhausen, J. Zinsstag, R W. Scholz, BMC Infectious Diseases 11 (2011) DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-115
F. Marchal, K. Nagel, Transp. Res. Rec. 1935, 141 (2005)
J. Hackney, Ph.D. thesis, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, 2009
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Illenberger, J., Kowald, M., Axhausen, K.W. et al. Insights into a spatially embedded social network from a large-scale snowball sample. Eur. Phys. J. B 84, 549–561 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2011-10872-0
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2011-10872-0