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Diversity, adaptation, and endemism in neotropical Ericaceae: biogeographical patterns in the Vaccinieae

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Abstract

In the Neotropics, the Ericaceae are an Andean-centered family, adapted to moist, open, cool montane environments. Overall species richness increases nearer the Equator, with the highest species numbers concentrated in Colombia and Ecuador between 1000 m and 3000 m. There are 46 genera (70% endemic) and about 800 species (ca. 94% endemic) of Ericaceae native to the Neotropics. Five biogeographical regions are recognized for the neotropical Ericaceae, with the greatest species diversity found in the Andes of northwestern South America. Following Pliocene/Pleistocene mountain-building and climatic events, neotropical Ericaceae underwent dynamic speciation and extensive adaptive radiation due to their ecological and life-form plasticity, colonization abilities, adaptation to epiphytic habits, and coevolution with hummingbirds. Given high diversity and singularity within neotropical Ericaceae, along with high levels of habitat alteration, protection of Andean montane ecosystems should become a priority for the conservation of Ericaceae in the Neotropics.

Resumen

La familia de las Ericáceas en el Neotrópico se concentra en los Andes, adaptada a los ambientes montanosos humedos, de vegetación abierta y fríos. La riqueza total de especies se incrementa a medida que se acerca a la línea ecuatorial, encontrándose el mayor número de especies en Colombia y Ecuador entre 1000 y 3000 msnm. Existen 46 géneros (70% endémicos) y aproximadamente 800 especies (ca. 94% endémicas) de Ericáceas nativas en el Neotrópico. Se reconocen cinco regiones biogeográficas para las Ericáceas neotropicales, siendo los Andes del noroeste de Sur América el lugar de mayor diversidad de especies. Después del levantamiento de las cordilleras y de los eventos climáticos del Plioceno y Pleistoceno, las Ericáceas neotropicales sufrieron una dinámica de especiación y una radiación adaptativa debido a la plasticidad ecológica y de formas de vida, a la capacidad de colonización, de adaptación al epifitismo y a la coevolución con colibríes. Dada la alta diversidad y la singularidad de las Ericáceas neotropicales, así como también los altos niveles de alteración de su hábitat, la protección de los ecosistemas alto-andinos debería ser prioridad en los esfuerzos de conservación en el Neotrópico.

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Luteyn, J.L. Diversity, adaptation, and endemism in neotropical Ericaceae: biogeographical patterns in the Vaccinieae. Bot. Rev 68, 55–87 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1663/0006-8101(2002)068[0055:DAAEIN]2.0.CO;2

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