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Making sense of what exactly public health does: a typology of public health interventions

  • Innovations in Policy and Practice
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Canadian Journal of Public Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Setting

Montréal.

Intervention

The lack of common knowledge about what public health does is a hindrance to its recognition and capacity to act. Montréal’s regional public health department set an explicit goal to clarify and better communicate its specific contributions when it developed its 2016–2021 action plan. This article briefly describes the efforts made to classify public health practice, introduces a typology of public health interventions and discusses its application and benefits.

Outcomes

The typology that was developed defines 29 types of interventions grouped into four categories: direct action targeting the population; advocacy (persuading partners to take action); support (helping partners take action); collaboration (taking action with partners). The analysis of Montreal’s most recent action plan, completely drafted in terms of the typology, provides an insightful characterization of public health practice. Globally, four out of five interventions target partners (indirect), with more than half falling within the support category. Other indirect interventions are divided almost equally between advocacy and collaboration. Following a rigorous planning process and enforcing the use of the typology also had a significant structuring effect on the organization and its teams and enabled greater synergy with partners from other sectors.

Implications

Very few people are familiar with everything public health does, sometimes not even the responsible political decision-makers. This situation poses a threat to the survival of its prevention mission. The typology of public health interventions is an innovative tool that can be used to better inform the public and decision-makers.

Résumé

Lieu

Montréal.

Intervention

La méconnaissance de ce que fait la santé publique limite à la fois sa reconnaissance et sa capacité d’agir. Lors de l’élaboration de son plan d’action 2016–2021, la direction régionale de santé publique de Montréal s’est donnée pour objectif de clarifier et de mieux communiquer ses contributions spécifiques. Cet article décrit brièvement les efforts réalisés pour catégoriser la pratique de santé publique, présente une typologie des interventions de santé publique et discute de son application et de ses retombées pour Montréal.

Résultats

La typologie qui a été développée définit 29 types d’interventions regroupés en quatre catégories : l’action directe auprès de la population; la mobilisation (convaincre des tiers d’agir); le soutien (aider des tiers à agir); et la collaboration (agir ensemble). L’analyse du plus récent plan d’action de Montréal, entièrement rédigé en termes de la typologie, donne un portrait éclairant de la pratique de santé publique. Globalement, quatre interventions sur cinq ciblent des tiers (action indirecte), plus de la moitié de celles-ci étant dans la catégorie soutien. Les autres interventions indirectes se répartissent presque également entre la mobilisation et la collaboration. Le fait de suivre un processus de planification rigoureux reposant sur la typologie a eu un effet structurant significatif sur l’organisation et ses équipes, tout en menant à une plus grande synergie avec ses partenaires d’autres secteurs.

Implications

Très peu de gens sont familiers avec l’éventail des contributions de la santé publique, pas même les décideurs politiques qui en sont responsables. Cette situation constitue une réelle menace à la survie de sa mission de prévention. La typologie des interventions de santé publique est un outil novateur pour mieux informer la population et les décideurs.

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Notes

  1. The Health Policy Reference Center, SocINDEX, CINAHL, Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews, Medline and Embase databases were consulted, and a Web search was performed between October 13 and 17, 2017, to identify documents published in English and French since the year 2000. The following key words were used: classification, public health practice, public health function, public health intervention, public health activity.

References

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the many people at Montréal’s public health department who have contributed directly or indirectly to the development and improvement of the typology. Special thanks to Dr. Ak’Ingabe Guyon and Dr. Richard Lessard for their enthusiastic review of the first manuscript and their many useful suggestions.

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Correspondence to Eric Litvak.

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Litvak, E., Dufour, R., Leblanc, É. et al. Making sense of what exactly public health does: a typology of public health interventions. Can J Public Health 111, 65–71 (2020). https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-019-00268-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-019-00268-3

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