Abstract
During the 1990s, the social health insurance schemes of Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium and Israel were significantly reformed by the introduction of freedom of choice (open enrolment) of health insurer. This was introduced alongside a system of risk adjustment to compensate health insurers for enrolees with predictable high medical expenses. Despite the similarity in the health insurance reforms in these countries, we find that both the rationale behind these reforms and their impact on consumer choice vary widely.
In this article we seek to explain the observed variation in switching rates by cross-country comparison of the potential determinants of health insurer choice. We conclude that differences in choice setting, and in the net benefits of switching, offer a plausible explanation for the large differences in consumer mobility.
Finally, we discuss the policy implications of our cross-country comparison. We argue that the optimal switching rate crucially depends on the goals of the reforms and the quality of the risk-adjustment system. In view of this, we conclude that switching rates are currently too low in the Netherlands, and an active government policy to encourage consumer mobility seems warranted. In Germany and Switzerland, high switching rates call for an improvement of the rather poor risk-adjustment systems. Given low switching rates in Israel and Belgium, improving risk adjustment is less urgent, but still required in the long run.
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Notes
1Furthermore, because the estimated price elasticities are typically calculated at the mean, the magnitude of price elasticities depends on the average market share and premium level, which vary widely between the different countries.
2Notice that usually only net switching rates per health insurer are observable. Hence, the total number of switchers is likely to be higher than reflected in the reported switching rates.
3Belgium has a compulsory national health insurance system for a basic package that covers major health risks (e.g. hospitalisations) for the entire
4The total premium range is even larger than the existing premium differentiation for the same level coverage because sickness funds are allowed to offer premium discounts if their enrolees opt for a higher deductible.
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Acknowledgements
We like to thank two anonymous referees and all members of the Risk Adjustment Network for their useful comments on previous drafts. ## No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this article. The authors have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.
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Laske-Aldershof, T., Schut, E., Beck, K. et al. Consumer mobility in social health insurance markets. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 3, 229–241 (2004). https://doi.org/10.2165/00148365-200403040-00006
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00148365-200403040-00006