Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of 2,4-D and isoproturon on chromosomal disturbances during mitotic division in root tip cells of Triticum aestivum L.

  • Published:
Cytology and Genetics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The widespread use of the herbicides for weed control and crop productivity in modern agriculture exert a threat on economically important crops by way of cytological damage to the cells of the crop plant or side effects, if any, induced by the herbicides. In the present communication, author describes the effects of 2,4-D and fsoproturon on chromosomal morphology in mitotic cells of Trittcum aestivum L. The wheat seedlings were treated with range of concentrations (50–1200 ppm) of 2,4-D and Isoproturon for 72 h at room temperature. In the mitotic cells, twelve distinct chromosome structure abnormalities were observed over control. The observed irregularities were stickiness, c-mitosis, multipolar chromosomes with or without spindles, fragments and bridges, lagging chromosomes, unequal distribution of chromosomes, over contracted chromosomes, unoriented chromosomes, star shaped arrangement of the chromosomes, increased cell size and failure of cell plate formation. The abnormalities like stickiness, fragments, bridges, lagging or dysjunction, unequal distribution and over contracted chromosomes meetfrequently.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Anonymous, Louisiana Suggested Chemical Weed Control Guide, Baton Rouge, L.A., Ed., Louisiana State University AgCenter and Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service Pub., 1565, 2001b.

  2. Retzinger, E.J., Jr. and Mallory-Smith, C., Classification of Herbicides by Site of Action for Weed Resistance Management Strategies, Weed Tech., 1997, vol. 11, pp. 384–393.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Feurst, E.P. and Norman, M.A., Interactions of Herbicides with Photosynthetic Electron Transport, Weed Res., 1991, vol. 39, pp. 458–464.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ahrens, W.H., Herbicide Handbook, Weed Science Society of America Seventh Edition, Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Dhawan, R.S., Effect of Isoproturon on Hill Activity and Membrane Permeability in Leaves of Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Small Canary Grass (Phalaris minor) and Wild Oat (Avena ludoviciana), Indian J. Agri. Sci., 1995, vol. 65, pp. 894–895.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Gronwald, J.W., Lipid Biosynthesis Inhibitors, Weed Res., 1991, vol. 39, pp. 435–449.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Heap, I.M., The International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds, 2002 (online, internet, available at www.weedscience.com).

  8. Lehnen, L.P. and Vaughn, K.C., The Herbicide Sindone B Disrupts Spindle Microtubule Organizing Centres, Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 1992, vol. 44, pp. 50–59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Armbruster, B.L., Molin, W.T., and Bugg, M.W., Effects of Herbicide Dithiopyr on Cell Division in Wheat Root Tips, Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 1991, vol. 39, pp. 110–120.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Galloway, S.M., Miller, J.E., Armstrong, M.J., Bean, C.L., Skopek, T.R., and Nichols, W.W., DNA Synthesis Inhibition as an Indirect Mechanism of Chromosome Aberrations: Comparison of DNAReactive and Non-DNA Reactive Clastogens, Mutat. Res., 1998, vol. 25, pp. 169–186.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bryant, P.E., DNA Damage, Repair and Chromosomal Damage, Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 1997, vol. 71, pp. 675–680.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ateeq, B., Farah, M.A., Ali, M.N., and Ahmad, W., Clastogenicity of Pentachlorophenol, 2,4-D and Butachlor Evaluated by Allium Root Tip Test, Mutat. Res., 2002, vol. 514, pp. 105–113.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Oraler, G., Gozukurmizi, N., and Olgun, A., Mutagenic Effects of Some Pesticides in Different Organisms, Doga Bilim Dergisi, 1984, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 105–111.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Perocco, P., Ancora, G., Rani, P., Valenti, A.M., Mazullo, M., Collacci, A., and Grilli, S., Evaluation of Genotoxic Effects of the Herbicide Dicamba using in vivo and in vitro Test Systems, Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2008, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 131–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. I.A.R.C., IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks of Chemicals to Humans, Genetic and Related Effects, An Update of Selected IARC Monographs, Suppl. 6, IARC, Lyon, 1987, vol. 142, pp. 161–538.

  16. Golapudi, B.B., Charles, J.M., Linscombe, V.A., Day, S.J., and Bus, J.S., Evaluation of the Genotoxicity of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid and Its Derivatives in Mammalian Cultures, Mutat. Res., 1999, vol. 444, pp. 217–225.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Kumari, T.S. and Vaidyanath, K., Testing of Genotoxic Effects of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) using Multiple Genetic Assay Systems of Plants, Mutat. Res., 1989, vol. 226, pp. 235–238.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kovaleva, O.A. and Glazko, T.T., Problems Involved in the Use of Cytogenetic Characteristics for Biological Indication of Genotoxic Effects, Faktory Eksperym. Evoliuts. Organizmiv, 2004, vol. 2, pp. 99–105.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Hilliard, C.A., Armstrong, M.J., Bradt, C.I., Hill, R.B., Greenwood, S.K., and Galloway, S.M., Chromosome Aberrations in vitro Relative to Cytotoxicity of Nonmutagenic Chemicals and Metabolic Proteins, Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 1998, vol. 31, pp. 316–326.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Siddiqui, S., Meghvansi, M.K., Khan, S.S., and Aali, N.S., Mutagenic Effect of Herbicide (Maleic Hydrazide) on Seed Germination and Radicle Length on Trigonella foenum-graecum, L., Ind. J. Appl. Pure Biol., 2008, vol. 23, pp. 203–210.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Levan, A., The Effect of Colchicines on Root Mitosis in Allium, Hereditas, 1938, vol. 24, pp. 471–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Chauhan, L.K.S. and Sundraraman, V., Effect of Substituted Ureas on Plant Cells. I. Cytological Effects of Isoproturon on the Root Meristem Cells of Allium cepa, Cytologia, 1990, vol. 55, pp. 91–98.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Yuzbasioglu, D., Unal, F., Sancak, C., et al., Cytological Effects of Herbicide Racer Florochloridone on Allium cepa, Caryologia, 2003, vol. 56, pp. 97–105.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Fletcher, J.S., Pfleeger, T.G., Ratsch, H.C., et al., Potential Impact of Low Levels of Chlorsulfuron and Other Herbicides on Growth and Yield of Non-Target Plants, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 1996, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 1189–1196.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Cabanne, F., Hubby, D., Gaillardon, P., Scalla, R., and Durst, F., Effect of the Cytochrome P-450 Inhibitor 1-Aminobenzotriazone on Metabolism of Chlortoluron and Isoproturon in Wheat, Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 1987, vol. 28, pp. 371–380.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Yoshida, Y., Nakamura, K., and Hiura, A., Contraction of Chromosomes and Depression of RNA Synthesis by Isoprophyl N-(3-Chlorophenyl) Carbamate (CIPC) in Vicia faba Root Tips Cells, Cytologia, 1983, vol. 48, pp. 707–714.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Badr, A., Mitodepressive and Chromotoxic Activities of Two Herbicides in Allium cepa, Cytologia, 1983, vol. 48, pp. 451–457.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Boutin, C. and Rogers, C.A., Pattern of Sensitivity of Plant Species to Various Herbicides-an Analysis with Two Databases, Ecotoxicology, 2005, vol. 9, pp. 255–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Fiskesjo, G., The Allium Test as a Standard in Environmental Monitoring, Hereditas, 2005, vol. 102, pp. 99–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Goravaya, A.I. and Klimkina, I.I., The Use of Cytogenetic Testing to Evaluate the Ecological Situation and Effectiveness of Efforts to Improve the Health of Children and Adults by Means of Natural Adaptive Agents, Tsitol. Genet., 2002, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 21–25.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Rank, J. and Nielson, M.H., Allium cepa Anaphasetelophase Root Tip Chromosome Aberration Assay on N-Methyl-N-Nitrourea, Maleic Hydrazide, Sodium Azide and Ethylmethanesulphonate, Mutat. Res., 1997, vol. 390, pp. 121–127.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Grant, W.F., Chromosome Aberration Assay in Allium. A Report of the US Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Programme, Mutat. Res., 1982, vol. 99, pp. 273–279.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Ghareeb, A., Cytological Effect of the Herbicide Cycluron on the Root Tips Mitosis and Nucleic Acids in Vicia faba, Egypt. Sci., Zagazig Univ., 1991, vol. 6, pp. 225–231.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Charles, J.M., Cunny, H.C., Wilson, et al., Ames Assays and Unscheduled DNA Synthesis Assays on 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and Its Derivatives, Mutat. Res., 1999, vol. 444, pp. 207–216.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Labbauf, A., Klopman, G., and Rosenkranz, H.S., Dichotomous Relationship between DNA Reactivity and the Induction of Sister-Chromatid Exchange in vivo and in vitro, Mutat. Res., 1997, vol. 377, pp. 37–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Boehringer, M., Apoptosis Assay Methods, Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation, 2nd ed., Boehringer Mannheim, 1998, pp. 6–50.

  37. Yemets, A.I., Stelmakh, O.A., Kravets, E.A., and Blume, Ya.B., Early PCD Events in Male Gametophyte Development of Isopropyl-N-Phenyl Carbamate Resistant Nicotiana sylvestris Mutant Lines, BMC Plant Biol., 2005, vol. 5, s. 38, pp. 1–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hidalgo, A. Gonzales-Reyes, J.A., et al., Abnormal Mitosis and Growth Inhibition in Allium cepa Roots Induced by Propham and Chlorpropham, Cytobios, 1989, vol. 57, pp. 7–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Badr, A., Hamoud, M.A., and Haroun, S.A., Effect of Herbicide Gespex on Mitosis, Mitotic Chromosomes and Nucleic Acids in Vicia Faba L.: Root meristems, Proc. Saudi. Biol. Soc., 1985, vol. 8, pp. 359–370.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Vaughn, K.C.. and Lehnen, L.P., Jr., Mitotic Disrupter Herbicides, Weed Res., 1991, vol. 39, pp. 450–457.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Lehnen, L.P., Vaughn, M.A., and Vaughn, K.C., Turbutol Affects Spindle Microtubule Organizing Centres, J. Exp. Bot., 1990, vol. 41, pp. 537–546.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Yemets, A., Stelmakh, O., and Blume, Ya.B., Effects of the Herbicide Isopropyl-N-Phenyl Carbamate on Microtubules and MTOCs in Lines of Nicotiana sylvestris Resistant and Sensitive to Its Action, Cell Biol. Int., 2008, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 623–629.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Holmsen, J.D. and Hess, F.D., Comparison of the Disruption of Mitosis and Cell Plate Formation in Oat Roots by DCPA, Colchicines and Propham, J. Exp. Bot., 1985, vol. 36, pp. 1504–1513.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Vaughn, K.C. and Vaughn, M.A., Mitotic Disrupters from Higher Plants. Effects on Plant Cells, Am. Chem. Soc. Symp., 1988, vol. 380, pp. 273–293.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Mousa, M., Effects of Some Herbicides on Mitotic Activity and Mitotic Aberrations in the Root Tips of Onion, Egypt. J. Genet. Cytol., 1892, vol. 11, pp. 193–207.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Holmsen, J.D. and Hess, F.D., Growth Inhibition and Disruption of Mitosis by DCPA in Oat (Avena sativa) Roots, Weed Res., 1984, vol. 32, pp. 732–738.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Darlington, C.D.La and Cour, L.E., The Handling of Chromosomes, London: Allen and Unwind Ltd., 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Vaughn, M.A.. and Vaughn, K.C., Pronamide Disrupts Mitosis in a Unique Manner, Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 1987, vol. 28, pp. 182–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Vaughn, K.C. and Harper, J.D.I., Microtubule Organizing Centres and Nucleating Sites in Land Plants, Int. Rev. Cytol., 1998, vol. 181, pp. 75–149.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hepler, P.K. and Jackson, W.T., Isopropyl N-Phenyl Carbamates Affect the Spindle Microtubules Orientation in Dividing Endosperm Cells of Haemanthus Katherinae Baker, J. Cell Sci., 1989, vol. 5, pp. 727–743.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Kale, P.G., Petty, B.T., Walker, S., Ford, J.B., Denkordi, N., Tarasia, S., Tasie, B.O., Kale, R., and Sohni, Y.R., Mutagenicity Testing of Nine Herbicides and Pesticides Currently Used in Agriculture, Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 1995, vol. 25, pp. 148–153.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Blume, Ya.B., Yemets, A.I., Nyporko, A.Yu., and Baird, W.V., Structural Modeling of Plant α-Tubulin Interaction with Dinitroanilines and Phosphoroamidates, Cell Biol. Int., 2003, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 171–174.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Morgan, W.F., Corcoran, J., Hartmann, A., Kapian, M.I., Limoli, C.L., and Ponnaiya, B., DNA Doublestrand Breaks, Chromosomal Rearrangement and Genome Instability, Mutat. Res., 1998, vol. 404, pp. 125–128.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Abbasi, N. and Anis, M., Clastogenic Effect of Chemical Mutagens in Trigonella foenum-graecum L., J. Cytol. Genet., 2002, vol. 3, pp. 109–114.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Barlow, P.W. and Parker, J.S., Microtubular Cytoskeleton and Root Morphogenesis, Plant Soil, 1996, vol. 187, pp. 23–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Gunning, B.E.S. and Sammut, M., Rearrangements of Microtubules Involved in Establishing Cell Division Planes Start Immediately After DNA Synthesis and Are Completed Just Before Mitosis, Plant Cell, 1990, vol. 2, pp. 1273–1282.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Vaughn, M.A. and Vaughn, K.C., DCPA Causes Plate Disruption in Wheat Roots, Ann. Bot., 1990, vol. 65, pp. 379–388.

    Google Scholar 

  58. DePrado, R., Scalla, R., and Gaillardon, P., Differential Toxicity of Simazine and Diuron to Torilus arvensis and Lolium rigidum, Suelo Planta, 1990, vol. 30, pp. 213–221.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hess, F.D., Herbicide Effects on the Cell Cycle of Meristematic Plant Cells, Rev. Weed Sci., 1987, vol. 3, pp. 181–203.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Cox, C., Herbicide Factsheet, 2,4-D: Ecological Effects, J. Pestic. Reform., 1999, vol. 19, pp. 14–19.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Reddy, S.S. and Rao, G.M., Cytogenetic Effects of Agricultural Chemicals: Effects of Herbicides Lasso and Basagram on Chromosomal Mechanism in Relation to Yield and Yield Components in Chilli, Cytologia, 1982, vol. 47, pp. 257–267.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Gimenez-Martin, G., Panzera, F., Canovas, J.L., De la Torre, C., and Lopez-Saez, J.F., A Limited Number of Chromosomes Makes a Nucleus Competent to Respond to Inducers of Replication and Mitosis in a Plant, Eur. J. Cell Biol., 1992, vol. 58, pp. 163–171.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Ghersa, C.M., Martiez-Ghersa, M.A., Brewer, T.G., and Roush, M.L., Use of Gene Flow Control Diclofop-Methyl Resistance in Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), Weed Tech., 1994b, vol. 8, pp. 139–147.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Yemets, A., Radchuk, V., Bayer, G., Baird, V., and Blume, Ya., The Development of Transformation Vectors Based upon Modified Plant α-Tubulin Gene as the Selectable Marker, Cell Biol. Int., 2008, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 566–570.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Molin, W.T. and Khan, R.A., Mitotic Disrupter Herbicides: Recent Advances and Opportunities, in Herbicide Activity: Toxicology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Roe, R.M., Ed., IOS press, Burke, VA, USA, 1997, pp. 143–158.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Vaughn, K.C., Anticytoskeletal Herbicides, in Plant Microtubles: Potential for Biotechnology, Nick, P., Ed., Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2000, pp. 195–205.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Yemets, A., Stelmakh, O.A., Kundelchuk, O.P., and Blume, Ya.B., Obtaining and Analysis of Isopropyl-NPhenyl Carbamate Resistant Lines of Nicotiana Species, Cell Biol. Int., 2003, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 307–310.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Stelmakh, O., Yemets, A., and Blume, Ya.B., Isopropyl-N-Phenyl Carbamate Resistant Mutants of Nicotiana sylvestris Possess a High MTOCs Stability, Cytology Genetics, 2007, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 312–320.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Mitrofanova, I.V., Zilbervarg, I.R., Yemets, A.I., Mitrofanova, O.V., and Blume, Ya.B., The Effect of Dinitroaniline and Phosphorothioamidate Herbicides on Polyploidization in Vitro of Nepeta Plants, Cell Biol. Int., 2003, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 229–231.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Yemets, A., and Blume, Ya,B, M Progress in Plant Polyploidization Based on Antimicrotubular Drugs, Open Horticulture J. 2008, vol. 1, pp. 15–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Hoffman, J.C. and Vaughn, K.C., Mitotic Disrupter Herbicides Act by a Single Mechanism but Vary in Efficacy, Protoplasma, 1994, vol. 179, pp. 16–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Adenji, A.A. and Coyne, D.P., Inheritance of Resistance to Trifluralin Toxicity in Cucurbita moschata Poir, Hort. Sci., 1981, vol. 16, pp. 774–775.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Yemets, A. and Blume, Ya.B., Antimitotic Drugs for Chromosome Mediated Gene Transfer in Genomics, Plant Cell Engineering and Breeding, in The Plant Cytoskeleton: Key Tool for Agro-Biotechnology, Blume, Ya.B., Baird, W., Yemets, A., and Breviario, D., Eds., Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2008, pp. 419–434.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Yemets, A., Baird, W.V., and Blume, Ya.B., Modified Tubulin Genes as Selectable Markers for Plant Transformation, in The Plant Cytoskeleton: Key Tool for AgroBiotechnology, Blume, Ya.B., Baird, W., Yemets, A., and Breviario, D., Eds., Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2008, pp. 435–454.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Wan, Y., Duncan, D.R., Rayburn, A.I., Petolino, J.F., and Widholm, J.M., The Use of Antimicrotubule Herbicides for the Production of Doubled Haploid Plants from Anther Derived Maize Callus, Theor. Appl. Genet., 1991, vol. 81, pp. 205–211.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Hansen, N.J.P. and Anderson, S.B., In vitro Chromosome Doubling Potential of Colchicines, Oryzaline, Trifluralin and APM in Brassica napus Microspore Culture, Euphytica, 1996, vol. 88, pp. 159–164.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Nagaland University, Headquarter, Lumami, Nagaland, 798601, India

    Sanjay Kumar

Authors
  1. Sanjay Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sanjay Kumar.

Additional information

The article is published in the original.

About this article

Cite this article

Kumar, S. Effect of 2,4-D and isoproturon on chromosomal disturbances during mitotic division in root tip cells of Triticum aestivum L.. Cytol. Genet. 44, 79–87 (2010). https://doi.org/10.3103/S0095452710020027

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S0095452710020027

Keywords

Search

Navigation