Abstract
Randomization tests are valid alternatives to parametric tests like the t test and analysis of variance when the normality or random sampling assumptions of these tests are violated. Three SPSS programs are listed and described that will conduct approximate randomization tests for testing the null hypotheses that two or more means or distributions are the same or that two variables are independent (i.e., uncorrelated or “randomly associated”). The programs will work on both desktop and mainframe versions of SPSS. Although the SPSS programs are slower on desktop machines than software designed explicitly for randomization tests, these programs bring randomization tests into the reach of researchers who prefer the SPSS computing environment for data analysis.
Article PDF
References
Edgington, E. S. (1964). Randomization tests.Journal of Psychology,57, 445–449.
Edgington, E. S. (1966). Statistical inference and nonrandom samples.Psychological Bulletin,66, 485–487.
Edgington, E. S. (1969). Approximate randomization tests.Journal of Psychology,72, 143–149.
Edgington, E. S. (1995).Randomization tests (3rd ed.). New York: Dekker.
Hayes, A. F. (1996a). PERMUSTAT: Randomization tests for the Macintosh.Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers,28, 473–475.
Hayes, A. F. (1996b). Permutation test is not distribution-free: Testing Ho: rho = 0.Psychological Methods,1, 184–198.
Howell, D. C. (1992).Statistical methods for psychology (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Duxbury.
Manly, B. F. J. (1991).Randomization and Monte Carlo methods in biology. London: Chapman & Hall.
May, R. B., &Hunter, M. (1993). Some advantages of permutation tests.Canadian Psychology,34, 401–407.
May, R. B., Hunter, M., &Masson, M. E. J. (1993).NPStat (Version 3.7) [Computer program]. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria, Department of Psychology.
May, R. B., Masson, M. E. J., &Hunter, M. A. (1989). Randomization tests: Viable alternative to normal curve tests.Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers,21, 482–483.
May, R. B., Masson, M. E. J., &Hunter, M. A. (1990).Applications of statistics in behavioral research. New York: Wiley.
Noreen, E. (1989).Computer-intensive methods for testing hypotheses. An introduction. New York: Wiley.
Onghena, P., &Edgington, E. S. (1994). Randomization tests for restricted alternating treatments designs.Behaviour Research & Therapy,32, 783–786.
Onghena, P., &May, R. B. (1995). Pitfalls in computing and interpreting randomization testp values: A commentary on Chen and Dunlap.Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers,27, 408–411.
Onghena, P., &Van Damme, G. (1994). SCRT 1.1: Single-case randomization tests.Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers,26, 369.
StatXact [Computer software] (1995). Cambridge, MA: Cytel Software.
TESTIMATE [Computer software] (1994). Chicago: SciTech International.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Special thanks are extended to Bert Green, Patrick Onghena, and Laurence Claes for commenting on an earlier version of this article.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hayes, A.F. SPSS procedures for approximate randomization tests. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 30, 536–543 (1998). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200687
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200687