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Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

Sources, Fate, Effects and Risks

Overview

Editors:
  1. Klaus Kümmerer

    1. Institut für Umweltmedizin und Krankenhaushygiene, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg i. Br., Germany

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  • Addresses the most important issues in the field of pharmaceuticals in the environment for the near future
  • Typical examples and abundant data are presented

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Table of contents (19 chapters)

  1. Front Matter

    Pages I-XXI
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  2. Introduction: Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

    1. Introduction: Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

      • K. Kümmerer
      Pages 1-8

  3. Emission, Occurrence, Fate and Effects

    1. Front Matter

      Pages 9-9
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    2. Effects on Pharmaceuticals in the Environment — an Overview and Principle Considerations

      • P. Pfluger, D. R. Dietrich
      Pages 11-17

    3. Environmental Loads and Detection of Pharmaceuticals in Italy

      • E. Zuccato, R. Bagnati, F. Fioretti, M. Natangelo, D. Calamari, R. Fanelli
      Pages 19-27

    4. Emission and Biodegradability of Pharmaceuticals, Contrast Media, Disinfectants and AOX from Hospitals

      • K. Kümmerer
      Pages 29-41

    5. Emissions from Clinical-Chemical Laboratories

      • P. Hubner
      Pages 43-48

    6. Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Focus on 17α-ethinyloestradiol

      • R. G. Kozak, I. D’Haese, W. Verstraete
      Pages 49-65

    7. What Do We Know about Antibiotics in the Environment?

      • T. Kümpel, R. Alexy, K. Kümmerer
      Pages 67-76

    8. Antibiotics in the Environment: Zinc Bacitracin — Environmental Toxicity and Breakdown

      • T. Midtvedt
      Pages 77-79

    9. Pharmaceutical Residues in the Aquatic Environment and their Significance for Drinking Water Production

      • C. Zwiener, T. J. Gremm, F. H. Frimmel
      Pages 81-89

    10. Pharmaceuticals as Environmental Contaminants: Modelling Distribution and Fate

      • A. Di Guardo, D. Calamari, E. Benfenati, B. Halling-Sørensen, E. Zuccato, R. Fanelli
      Pages 91-102

  4. Risk Assessment

    1. Front Matter

      Pages 103-103
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    2. Risk Assessment of Organic Xenobiotics in the Environment

      • P. Hartemann
      Pages 105-121

    3. Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals

      • J. Römbke, T. Knacker, H. Teichmann
      Pages 123-141

    4. Worst-Case Estimations of Predicted Environmental Soil Concentrations (PEC) of Selected Veterinary Antibiotics and Residues Used in Danish Agriculture

      • B. Halling-Sørensen, J. Jensen, J. Tjørnelund, M. H. M. M. Montforts
      Pages 143-157

    5. Regulatory and Methodological Aspects Concerning the Risk Assessment for Medicinal Products; Need for Research

      • M. H. M. M. Montforts
      Pages 159-174

    6. A Data-based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals I — Collation of Available Ecotoxicity Data

      • S. F. Webb
      Pages 175-201

    7. A Data Based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals II — Aquatic Risk Characterisation

      • S. F. Webb
      Pages 203-219

    8. A Data Based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals III — Indirect Human Exposure

      • S. F. Webb
      Pages 221-230
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Keywords

Editors and Affiliations

  • Institut für Umweltmedizin und Krankenhaushygiene, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg i. Br., Germany

    Klaus Kümmerer

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