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Transmission of HIV

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AIDS in Africa

Conclusion

Interventions are sorely needed to reduce the high rates of sexual partner exchange and casual sex, and to increase the low rates of condorn use recorded in sub-Saharan Africa. Targeting interventions to traditional “core groups” may be of limited value in rural areas. Additional strategies that focus on leenagers and on male partners are needed. Biologic and behavioral interventions often have overlapping goals, such as to discourage use of vaginal drying agents, to encourage traditions of safe male circumcisions where practiced, to provide rapid access to STD treatment, to encourage condom use, to encourage a reduction in sexual partner number, to encourage counseling and testing for HIV, and to provide sustained antiretroviral therapy wherever feasible.

Interventions still in the research arena include microbicides and HIV vaccines, neither of which ha yet demonstrated efficacy in human studies for HIV prevention. It is hard to estimate the proportion of infections in Africa that might be attributable to needle-or employment-related exposure compared to sexual exposure; this area requires further research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA

    Sibylle Kristensen & Sten H. Vermund

  2. Lusaka District Health Management Board, Lusaka, Zambia

    Moses Sinkala

  3. University of Alabama School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA

    Sten H. Vermund

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  1. Sibylle Kristensen
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  2. Moses Sinkala
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  3. Sten H. Vermund
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Harvard AIDS Institute Mary Woodard Lasker Professor of Health Sciences Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Max Essex DVM, PhD (Chairman) & Richard G. Marlink MD (Senior Research and Executive Director) (Chairman) &  (Senior Research and Executive Director)

  2. Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology CHU Le Dantec, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal

    Souleymane Mboup PharmD, PhD (Professor of Microbiology) (Professor of Microbiology)

  3. Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and the Harvard AIDS Institute, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Phyllis J. Kanki DVM, DSc (Professor of Immunology and Infectious Diseases) & Molly Holme (Professor of Immunology and Infectious Diseases) & 

  4. Department of Nursing Education University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana

    Sheila D. Tlou PhD (Associate Professor) (Associate Professor)

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Kristensen, S., Sinkala, M., Vermund, S.H. (2002). Transmission of HIV. In: Essex, M., Mboup, S., Kanki, P.J., Marlink, R.G., Tlou, S.D., Holme, M. (eds) AIDS in Africa. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47817-X_13

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