Abstract
The link with chronic inflammation and cancer has been recognized for certain cancers for several decades. However, only recently has the biology of chronic inflammation begun to be understood, to the point that it may play a major role in tumour development. The biology of chronic inflammation has many similarities with that of wound healing. In particular, local cell mediated immunity is attenuated and angiogenesis is increased along with other growth factors. When present long term, this provides the ideal environment for mutated cells to be nurtured and escape immune surveillance. It is of note that this process still appears to take two or three decades, as witnessed by the close association between chronic ulcerative colitis and colon cancer as well as chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Closer study of the inflammatory pathways show the close interaction with apoptosis and antiapoptotic pathways, as well as the main tumour suppressor genes, such as p53, as well as a number of growth factors, such as the insulin-like growth factor. A full study of these processes reveals that there are key molecules in these pathways which may provide therapeutic as well as anti-inflammatory targets.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
11. References
Akagi Y. et al. (1998). Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human colon cancer by insulin-like growth factor-I. Cancer Res. 58: 4008–4014.
Akiyoshi, F. et al. (1998). Serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels in various liver diseases. Dig. Dis. Sci.: 43: 41–45.
al-Saleh, W. et al. (1998). Correlation of T-helper secretory differentiation and types of antigen-presenting cells in squamous intraepithelial lesions of the uterine cervix. J. Pathol.: 184: 283–290.
Anttila, T. et al. (2001). Serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis and risk for development of cervical squamous cell carcinoma. JAMA 285: 47–51.
Asselin-Paturel, C. et al. (1998). Quantative analysis of Th1, Th2 and TGF-beta 1 cytokine expression in tumour, TIL and PBL of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Int. J. Cancer 77: 7–12.
Aziz, M. et al. (1998). Evaluation of cell-mediated immunity and circulating immune complexes as prognostic indicators in cancer patients. Cancer Detect. Prev. 22: 87–99.
Baron, J. A. et al. (2003). A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas. N. Engl. J. Med. 348: 891–899.
Bartlett, J.B.et al. (2004). The evolution of thalidomide and its IMiD derivatives as anticancer agents. Nat. Rev. Cancer4: 314–322.
Beraud, C. et al. (1999). Involvement of regulatory and catalytic subunits of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in NF-κB activation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96: 429–434.
Bielefeldt-Ohmann, H. et al. (1996). Molecular pathobiology and immunology of malignant mesothelioma. J. Pathol. 178: 369–378.
Bonnet, M. et al. (1999). Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in invasive breast cancers. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 91: 1376–1381.
Bontkes, H.J. et al. (1999). Human papillomavirus type 16 E2-specific T-helper lymphocyte responses in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J. Gen. Virol.: 80: 2453–2459.
Brooks, L.A.et al. (1997). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)/human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)-a new human tumour virus. J. Pathol.182: 262–265.
Browning, M.J. and Bodmer, W.F. (1992). MHC antigens and cancer: implications for T-cell surveillance. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 4: 613–618.
Browning, M.J. and Dalgleish, A.G. (1996). ‘Introduction and historical perspective’ in Tumour Immunology, Sikora, K., Dalgleish, A.G. and Browning, M. (eds). Cambridge University Press, London.
Buckman, S.Y. et al. (1998). COX-2 expression is induced by UVB exposure in human skin: implications for the development of skin cancer. Carcinogenesis 19: 723–729.
Butt, AJ. et al. (2000). Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 modulates expression of Bax and Bcl-2 and potentiates p53-independent radiation-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. J. Biol Chem. 275: 39174–39181.
Cacciarelli, T.V. et al. (1996). Immunoregulatory cytokines in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: pre-and posttreatment with interferon alpha. Hepatology 24: 6–9.
Cainzos, M. (1989). Anergy in patients with gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterol. 36: 36–39.
Carbone, M. (1999). Simian virus 40 and human tumors: It is time to study mechanisms. J. Cell Biochem. 76: 189–193.
Cardone, M.H. et al. (1998). Regulation of cell death protease caspase-9 by phosphorylation. Science 282: 1318–1321.
Carreno, V. and Quiroga, J.A. (1997). Biological properties of interleukin-12 and its therapeutic use in persistent hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection. J. Viral Hepatitis 4(Suppl. 2): 83–86.
Casaco, A.et al. (2004). Effect of an EGF-cancer vaccine on wound healing and inflammation models. J. Surg. Res.122: 130–134.
Castelao, J.E. et al. (2000). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and bladder cancer prevention. Br. J. Cancer 82: 1364–1369.
Cerqueira, E.M. et al. (1998). Genetic damage in exfoliated cells of the uterine cervix. Association and interaction between cigarette smoking and progression to malignant transformation? Acta Cytol. 42: 639–649.
Chan, J.M. et al. (1998). Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. Science 279: 563–566.
Chang, Y.E. and Laimins, L.A. (2000). Microarray analysis identifies interferoninducible genes and Stat-1 as major transcriptional targets of human papillomavirus type 31. J Virol. 74: 4174–4182.
Chen, E.K. et al. (1998). Not just another meeting: the coming of age of JAKs and STATs. Immunol. Today, 19: 338–341.
Chen, Y.M. et al. (1997). Cross regulation by IL-10 and IL-2/IL-12 of the helper T cells and the cytolytic activity of lymphocytes from malignant effusions of lung cancer patients. Chest 112: 960–966.
Clavel, C. et al. (2000). Human papillomavirus detection by the hybrid capture II assay: a reliable test to select women with normal cervical smears at risk for developing cervical lesions. Diagn. Mol. Pathol. 9: 145–150.
Coffey, D.S. (1998). Self-organization, complexity and chaos: the new biology for medicine. Nat. Med. 4: 882–885.
Coffey, R.J. et al. (1997). Epidermal growth factor receptor activation induces nuclear targeting of cyclooxygenase-2, basolateral release of prostaglandins, and mitogenesis in polarizing colon cancer cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94: 657–662.
Cordon-Cardo, C. and Prives, C. (1999). At the crossroads of inflammation and tumorigenesis. J. Exp. Med. 190: 1367–1370.
Dalgleish, A. (1999). The relevance of non-linear mathematics (chaos theory) to the treatment of cancer, the role of the immune response and the potential for vaccines. QJM 92: 347–359.
Dalgleish, A.G. (1991). Viruses and cancer. Br. Med. Bull. 47: 21–46.
Dameron, K.M. et al. (1994). The p53 tumor suppressor gene inhibits angiogenesis by stimulating the production of thrombospondin. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 59: 483–489.
Das, T. et al. (1999). Induction of cell proliferation and apoptosis: dependence on the dose of the inducer. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 260: 105–110.
de Fraipont, F. et al. (2000). Expression of the angiogenesis markers vascular endothelial growth factor-A, thrombospondin-1, and platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor in human sporadic adrenocortical tumors: correlation with genotypic alterations. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85: 4734–4741.
De Luca, A. et al. (1997). The retinoblastoma gene family pRb/p105, p107, pRb2/p130 and simian virus-40 large T-antigen in human mesotheliomas. Nat. Med. 3: 913–916.
De Marzo, A.M. et al. (1999). New concepts in tissue specificity for prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 53: 29–39; discussion 39–42.
De The, G. (1993) The etiology of Burkitt’s lymphoma and the history of shaken dogmas. Blood Cells 19: 667–675.
de Visser, K.E. and Coussens, L.M. (2005). The interplay between innate and adaptive immunity regulates cancer development. Cancer Immunol. Immunother in press.
de Visser, K.E.et al. (2005). De novo carcinogenesis promoted by chronic inflammation is B lymphocyte dependent. Cancer Cell7: 411–423.
del Peso, L. et al. (1997). Interleukin-3-induced phosphorylation of BAD through the protein kinase Akt. Science 278: 687–689.
Della Bella, S. et al. (1997). Differential effects of cyclo-oxygenase pathway metabolites on cytokine production by Tlymphocytes. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 56: 177–184.
Di Popolo, A. et al. (2000). IGF-II/IGF-I receptor pathway up-regulates COX-2 mRNA expression and PGE2 synthesis in Caco-2 human colon carcinoma cells. Oncogene 19: 5517–5524.
Doherty, P.C. et al. (1994). Evasion of host immune responses by tumours and viruses. Ciba Found. Symp. 187: 245–256.
D’Orazio, T.J. and Niederkon, J.Y. (1998). A novel role for TGF-beta and IL-10 in the induction of immune privilege. J. Immunol. 160: 2089–2098.
Dunn, S.E. (2000). Insulin-like growth factor I stimulates angiogenesis and the production of vascular endothelial growth factor. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 10Suppl A: S41–S42.
Dvorak, H.F. (1986). Tumors: wounds that do not heal. Similarities between tumor stroma generation and wound healing. N. Engl. J. Med.315: 1650–1659.
Elahi, M.M.et al. (2005). The systemic inflammatory response predicts overall and cancer specific survival in patients with malignant lymphoma. Med. Sci. Monit.11: CR75–CR78.
Eliopoulos, A.G. et al. (1999). Activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1 coregulates interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 production. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 16085–16096.
Ellouk-Achard, S. et al. (1998) Induction of apoptosis in rat hepatocarcinoma cells by expression of IGF-I antisense c-DNA. J Hepatol. 29: 807–818.
El-Assal, O.N. et al. (1998). Clinical significance of microvessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in hepatocellular carcinoma and surrounding liver: possible involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor in the angiogenesis of cirrhotic liver. Hepatology 27: 1554–1562.
El-Bayoumy, K. et al. (1999). Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in rat lung tumors induced by the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)-lbutanone: the impact of a high-fat diet. Cancer Res. 59: 1400–1403.
Faux, S.P. et al. (2000). Increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in rat pleural mesothelial cells correlates with carcinogenicity of mineral fibres. Carcinogenesis 21: 2275–2280.
Faux, S.P. et al. (2001). EGFR induced activation of NF-κB in mesothelial cells by asbestos is important in cell survival. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. abstract 1315.
Ferre, F. et al. (1995). Viral load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells as surrogate for clinical progression. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 10: S51–S56.
Fischer, S.M. et al. (1999). Chemopreventive activity of celecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, and indomethacin against ultraviolet light-induced skin carcinogenesis. Mol. Carcinog. 25: 231–240.
Fisseler-Eckhoff, A. et al. (1996). Neovascularisation in hyperplastic, metaplastic and potentially preneoplastic lesions of the bronchial mucosa. Virchows Arch. 429: 95–100.
Fontanini, G. et al. (1996). Neoangiogenesis: a putative marker of malignancy in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) development. Int. J. Cancer 67: 615–619.
Fleming, S. (1999). Renal cancer genetics: von Hippel Lindau and other syndromes. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 43: 469–471.
Folkman, J. (1995). Seminars in Medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. Clinical applications of research on angiogenesis. N. Engl. J. Med. 333: 1757–1763.
Forni, G. and Foa, R. (1996). ‘The role of cytokines in tumor rejection’ in Tumour Immunology: Immunotherapy and Cancer Vaccines. Dalgleish A.G. and Browning M (eds) Cambridge University Press: 199–218.
Franchimont, N. et al. (1997). Interleukin-6 with its soluble receptor enhances the expression of insulin-like growth factor-I in osteoblasts. Endocrinology 138: 5248–5255.
Funkhouser, E.M. and Sharp, G.B. (1995). Aspirin and reduced risk of esophageal carcinoma. Cancer 76: 1116–1119.
Gabrilovich, D.I. et al. (1999). Antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy by improving endogenous dendritic cell function. Clin. Cancer Res. 5: 2963–2970.
Gallucci, R.M. et al. (2000). Impaired cutaneous wound healing in interleukin-6-deficient and immunosuppressed mice. FASEB J. 14: 2525–2531.
Ganss, R. and Hanahan, D. (1998). Tumor microenvironment can restrict the effectiveness of activated antitumor lymphocytes. Cancer Res. 58: 4673–4681.
Garrido, F. et al. (1993). Natural history of HLA expression during tumour development. Immunol. Today 14: 491–499.
Giovannucci, E. et al. (1995). Aspirin and the risk of colorectal cancer in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 333: 609–614.
Giovannucci, E. et al. (1994). Aspirin use and the risk for colorectal cancer and adenoma in male health professionals. Ann. Intern. Med. 121: 241–246.
Gjertsen, M.K. et al. (1997). Cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, generated by mutant p21-ras (12Val) peptide vaccination of a patient, recognize 12Val-dependent nested epitopes present within the vaccine peptide and kill autologous tumour cells carrying this mutation. Int. J. Cancer 72: 784–790.
Glinghammar, B. and Rafter, J. (2001). Colonic luminal contents induce cyclooxygenase 2 transcription in human colon carcinoma cells. Gastroenterology 120: 401–410.
Gorter, A. and Meri, S. (1999). Immune evasion of tumor cells using membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins. Immunol. Today20: 576–582.
Grange, J.M. et al. (1995). Tuberculosis and cancer: parallels in host responses and therapeutic approaches? Lancet 345: 1350–1352.
Greenberg, P.D. (1991). Adoptive T cell therapy of tumors: mechanisms operative in the recognition and elimination of tumor cells. Adv. Immunol 49: 281–355.
Grinwich, K.D. and Plescia, O.J. (1977). Tumor-mediated immunosuppression: prevention by inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis. Prostaglandins 14: 1175–1182.
Guillou, L. et al. (1996). Germ cell tumors of the testis overexpress wild-type p53. Am. J. Pathol. 149: 1221–1228.
Hankinson, S.E. et al. (1998) Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and risk of breast cancer. Lancet 351: 1393–1396.
Harris, R.E.et al. (2005). Aspirin, ibuprofen, and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cancer prevention: a critical review of non-selective COX-2 blockade. Oncol. Rep.13: 559–583.
Heeschen, C. et al. (2001). Nicotine stimulates angiogenesis and promotes tumor growth and atherosclerosis. Nat. Med. 7: 775–777.
Heriot, A.G. et al. (2000). Reduction in cytokine production in colorectal cancer patients: association with stage and reversal by resection. Br. J. Cancer 82: 1009–1012.
Hida, T. et al. (1998). Non-small cell lung cancer cycloxygenase activity and proliferation are inhibited by non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Anticancer Res. 18: 775–782.
Hildenbrand, R. et al. (1998). Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates urokinase expression in tumor-associated macrophages of the breast. Lab Invest. 78: 59–71.
Hildesheim, A.et al. (1997). Immune activation in cervical neoplasia: cross-sectional association between plasma soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels and disease. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prevention6: 807–813.
Hojo, M. et al. (1999). Cyclosporine induces cancer progression by a cell-autonomous mechanism. Nature 397: 530–534.
Hong, S.H. et al. (2000). Cyclooxygenase regulates human oropharyngeal carcinomas via the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6: a general role for inflammation? FASEB J., 14: 1499–1507.
Hopfl, R. et al. (2000). Spontaneous regression of CIN and delayed-type hypersensitivity to HPV-16 oncoprotein E7. Lancet 356: 1985–1986.
Horikawa, T. et al. (2000). Association of latent membrane protein 1 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 with metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 9: 715–723.
Hrouda, D. et al. (1998). Immunotherapy of advanced prostate cancer: a phase I/II trial using mycobacterium vaccae. Br. J. Urol. 82: 568–573.
Hsieh, C.Y., You, S.L., Kao, C.L. and Chen, C.J. (1999). Reproductive and infectious risk factors for invasive cervical cancer in Taiwan. Anticancer Res. 19: 4495–4500.
Hu, H.M. et al. (1998). Gene-modified tumor vaccine with therapeutic potential shifts tumor-specific T cell response from a type 2 to a type 1 cytokine profile. J. Immunol. 16: 3033–3041.
Huang, M. et al. (1998). Non-small cell lung cancer cyclooxygenase-2-dependent regulation of cytokine balance in lymphocytes and macrophages: up-regulation of interleukin 10 and down-regulation of interleukin 12 production. Cancer Res. 58: 1208–1216.
Huang, R.P. et al. (1996) UV activates growth factor receptors via reactive oxygen intermediates. J. Cell Biol. 133: 211–220.
Huang, Y.T. et al. (1999). Profile of cytokine expression in nasopharyngeal carcinomas: a distinct expression of interleukin 1 in tumor and CD4+ T cells. Cancer Res. 59: 1599–1605.
Hudson, J.D. et al. (1999). A proinflammatory cytokine inhibits p53 tumor suppressor activity. J. Exp. Med. 190: 1375–1382.
Igncy, F.H. and Krammer, P.H. (2005). Tumor counterattack: fact or fiction? Cancer Immunol. Immunother. in press.
Irani, J. et al. (1999). High-grade inflammation in prostate cancer as a prognostic factor for biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Pathologist Multi Center Study Group. Urology 54: 467–472.
Jacobs, N. et al. (1998). Inverse modulation of IL-10 and IL-12 in the blood of women with preneoplastic lesions of the uterine cervix. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 111: 219–224.
Jamicson, N.B.et al. (2005). Systemic inflammatory response predicts outcome in patients undergoing resection for ductal adenocarcinoma head of pancreas. Br. J. Cancer92: 21–23.
Janssen, Y.M. et al. (2000). Asbestos causes translocation of p65 protein and increases NF-kappaB DNA binding activity in rat lung epithelial and pleural mesothelial cells. Am. J. Pathol. 151: 389–401.
Jarnicki, A.G. et al. (1996). Altered CD3 chain and cytokine gene expression in tumor infiltrating T lymphocytes during the development of mesothelioma. Cancer Lett. 15: 1–9.
Jinno, K. et al. (1998). Circulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a possible tumor marker for metastasis in human hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Gastroenterol. 33: 376–382.
Johnston-Early, A. et al. (1983). Delayed hypersensitivity skin testing as a prognostic indicator in patients with small cell lung cancer. Cancer 52: 1395–1400.
Jost, M. et al. (2001). Epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent control of keratinocyte survival and Bcl-xL expression through a MEK-dependent pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 6320–6326.
Kakumu, S. et al. (1997). Production of interleukins 10 and 12 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 108: 138–143.
Kano, A. et al. (1999). IRF-1 is an essential mediator in IFN-gamma-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of primary cultured hepatocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 257: 672–677.
Kaplan, M.H. et al. (1998). A signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)4-independent pathway for the development of T helper type 1 cells. J. Exp. Med. 188: 1191–1196.
Keith, R.L. et al. (2000). Angiogenic squamous dysplasia in bronchi of individuals at high risk for lung cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 6: 1616–1625.
Kieser, A. et al. (1994). Mutant p53 potentiates protein kinase C induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Oncogene 9: 963–969.
Kiessling, R. et al. (2000). Have tumor cells learnt from microorganisms how to fool the immune system? Escape from immune surveillance of tumors and microorganisms: emerging mechanisms and shared strategies. Mol. Med. Today 6: 344–346.
Kirk, G.R. and Clements, W.D. (1999). Crohn’s disease and colorectal malignancy. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 53: 314–315.
Kitagawa, N. et al. (2000). Epstein-Barr virus-encoded poly(A)(-) RNA supports Burkitt’s lymphoma growth through interleukin-10 induction. EMBO J. 19: 6742–50.
Kodelja, V. et al. (1997). Differences in angiogenic potential of classically vs alternatively activated macrophages. Immunobiology 197: 478–493.
Konturek, S.J.et al. (2000). Helicobacter pylori infection delays healing of ischaemia-reperfusion induced gastric ulcerations: new animal model for studying pathogenesis and therapy of H. pylori infection. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.12: 1299–313.
Koshiba, T. et al. (1999). Immunohistochemical analysis of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in pancreatic tumors. Int. J. Pancreatol. 26: 69–76.
Ladetto, M.et al. (2005). Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is frequently expressed in multiple myeloma and is an independent predictor of poor outcome. Blood105: 4784–91.
Lafarge-Frayssinet, C. et al. (1997). Antisense insulin-like growth factor I transferred into a rat hepatoma cell line inhibits tumorigenesis by modulating major histocompatibility complex I cell surface expression”. Cancer Gene Ther. 4: 276–285.
Lala, P.K. et al. (1997). Effects of chronic indomethacin therapy on the development and progression of spontaneous mammary tumors in C3H/HEJ mice. Int. J. Cancer 73: 371–380.
Lang, J.M. et al. (1980). Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity testing in untreated Hodgkin’s disease using a standardised new device. Biomedicine 33: 62–64.
Langman, M.J. et al. (2000). Effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on overall risk of common cancer: case-control study in general practice research database. Br. Med. J. 320: 1642–1646.
Lawlor MA and Rotwein P. (2000). Insulin-like growth factor-mediated muscle cell survival: central roles for Akt and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. Mol. Cell Biol. 20: 8983–8995.
Lee, J. et al. (1998). Interleukin 2 expression by tumor cells alters both the immune response and the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res. 58: 1478–1485.
Lee, P.P. et al. (1997). T helper 2-dominant antilymphoma immune response is associated with fatal outcome. Blood 90: 1611–1617.
Lehrer, S.et al. (2005). C-reactive protein is significantly associated with prostate-specific antigen and metastatic disease in prostate cancer. BJU Int.95: 961–962.
Leri, A. et al. (1999) “Insulin-like growth factor-1 induces Mdm2 and down-regulates p53, attenuating the myocyte renin-angiotensin system and stretch-mediated apoptosis. Am. J. Pathol. 154: 567–580.
Liu, M.Y. et al. (2000). Expression of the Epstein-Barr virus BHRF1 gene, a homologue of Bcl-2, in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissue. J. Med. Virol. 61: 241–250.
Luca, M. et al. (1997). Expression of interleukin-8 by human melanoma cells upregulates MMP-2 activity and increases tumor growth and metastasis. Am. J. Pathol. 151: 1105–1113.
Luxton, J.C. et al. (1997). Serological and T-helper cell responses to human papillomavirus type 16 L1 in women with cervical dysplasia or cervical carcinoma and in healthy controls. J. Gen. Virol. 78: 917–923.
Ma, J. et al. (1999). Prospective study of colorectal cancer risk in men and plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 91: 620–625.
Madrid, L.V. et al. (2001). Akt stimulates the transactivation potential of the RelA/p65 subunit of NF-{kappa}B through utilization of the IκB kinase and activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase p38. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 18934–18940.
Mahmud, S.et al. (2004). Prostate cancer and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Cancer90: 93–99.
Malaguarnera, M. et al. (1997). Serum interleukin 6 concentrations in chronic hepatitis C patients before and after interferon-alpha treatment. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol Ther. 35: 385–388.
Maraveyas, A. et al. (1999). Possible improved survival of patients with stage IV AJCC melanoma receiving SRL 172 immunotherapy: correlation with induction of increased levels of intracellular interleukin-2 in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Ann. Oncol. 10: 817–824.
Markham, A.F. (1996). Carcinoma of the lung: warts and all. Thorax 51: 878–879.
Mauray, S. et al. (2000). Epstein-Barr virus-dependent lymphoproliferative disease: critical role of IL-6. Eur. J. Immunol. 30: 2065–2073.
Mayne, S.T. et al. (1999). Previous lung disease and risk of lung cancer among men and women nonsmokers. Am. J. Epidemiol. 149: 13–20.
Mazzanti, R. et al. (1997). Chronic viral hepatitis induced by hepatitis C but not hepatitis B virus infection correlates with increased liver angiogenesis Hepatology 25: 229–234.
McGinty, A. et al. (2000). Cyclooxygenase-2 expression inhibits trophic withdrawal apoptosis in nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells. J. Biol Chem. 275: 12095–12101.
Meert, K.L. et al. (1996). Elevated transforming growth factor-beta concentration correlates with post-trauma immunosuppression. J. Trauma 40: 901–906.
Melief, C.J. and Kast, W.M. (1991). Cytotoxic T lymphocyte therapy of cancer and tumor escape mechanisms. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2: 347–354.
Mestre, J.R. et al. (1999). Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 expression. An approach to preventing head and neck cancer. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 889: 62–71.
Milich, D.R. et al. (1998). The secreted hepatitis B precore antigen can modulate the immune response to the nucleocapsid: a mechanism for persistence. J. Immunol. 160: 2013–2021.
Mizoguchi, H. et al. (1992). Alterations in signal transduction molecules in T lymphocytes from tumor-bearing mice. Science 258: 1795–1798.
Molina, M.A. et al. (1999). Increased cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human pancreatic carcinomas and cell lines: growth inhibition by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Cancer Res. 59: 4356–4362.
Moller, H. et al. (1994). Obesity and cancer risk: a Danish record-linkage study. Eur. J. Cancer 30A: 344–350.
Monson, R.R. et al. (1976). Chronic mastitis and carcinoma of the breast. Lancet 2: 224–226.
Moore, R.J. et al. (1999). Mice deficient in tumor necrosis factor-alpha are resistant to skin carcinogenesis. Nat. Med. 5: 828–831.
Moriguchi, S. et al. (1998). Exercise training restores decreased cellular immune functions in obese Zucker rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 84: 311–317.
Mosmann, T.R. and Coffman, R.L. (1989). TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 7: 145–173.
Murata, H. et al. (1999). Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression enhances lymphatic invasion and metastasis in human gastric carcinoma. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 94: 451–455.
Nabel, G.J. (1999). A transformed view of cyclosporine. Nature 397: 471–472.
Nakata, S. et al. (1993). Study of risk factors for prostatic cancer. Hinyokika Kiyo 39: 1017–1024. Discussion: 1024–1025.
Nees, M. et al. (2001). Papillomavirus type 16 oncogenes downregulate expression of interferon-responsive genes and upregulate proliferation-associated and NF-kappaBresponsive genes in cervical keratinocytes. J. Virol. 75: 4283–4296.
Nelson, W.G.et al. (2004). The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. J. Urol.172: S6–S11. Discussion: S11–S12.
O’Byrne, K.J. et al. (2000a). The relationship between angiogenesis and the immune response in carcinogenesis and the progression of malignant disease. Eur. J. Cancer. 36: 151–169.
O’Byrne, K.J. et al. (2000b). Vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor and angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer. Br. J. Cancer 82: 1427–1432.
O’Hara, R.J. et al. (1998). Advanced colorectal cancer is associated with impaired interleukin 12 and enhanced interleukin 10 production. Clin. Cancer Res. 4: 1943–1948.
O’Sullivan, G.C.et al. (1996). Regional immunosuppression in esophageal squamous cancer: evidence from functional studies with matched lymph nodes. J. Immunol.157: 4717–4720.
Oka, M. et al. (1992). Immunosuppression in patients with Barrett’s esophagus. Surgery 112: 11–17.
Olaitan, A. et al. (1998). Changes to the cytokine microenvironment in the genital tract mucosa of HIV+ women. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 112: 100–104.
Paganini-Hill, A. (1994). Aspirin and the prevention of colorectal cancer: a review of the evidence. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 10: 158–164.
Pamphilon, D.H. et al. (1991). Immunomodulation by ultraviolet light: clinical studies and biological effects. Immunol. Today 12: 119–123.
Papadopoulos, E.B. et al. (1994). Infusions of donor leukocytes to treat Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorders after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. New Engl. J. Med. 330: 1185–1191.
Pass, H.I. et al. (1996). Inhibition of hamster mesothelioma tumorigenesis by an antisense expression plasmid to the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor. Cancer Res. 56: 4044–4048.
Penn, I. (1988). Tumors of the immunocompromised patient. Annu. Rev. Med. 39: 63–73.
Pepper, M.S. et al. (1993). Biphasic effect of transforming growth factor factor-beta 1 on in vitro angiogenesis. Exp. Cell Res. 204: 356–363.
Pettit, S.J. et al. (2000). Immune selection in neoplasia: towards a microevolutionary model of cancer development. Br. J. Cancer 82: 1900–1906.
Peus, D. et al. (2000). UVB-induced epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation is critical for downstream signaling and keratinocyte survival. Photochem. Photobiol. 72: 135–140.
Pianetti, S. et al. (2001). Her-2/neu overexpression induces NF-kappaB via a PI3-kinase/Akt pathway involving calpein-mediated degradation of IkappaB-alpha that can be inhibited by the tumour suppressor PTEN. Oncogene 20: 1287–1299.
Piccinni, M.P. et al. (1998). Defective production of both leukemia inhibitory factor and type 2 T-helper cytokines by decidual T cells in unexplained recurrent abortions. Nat. Med. 4: 1020–1024.
Prince, M.M. and Hildreth, N.G. (1986). The influence of potential biases on the risk of breast tumors among women who received radiotherapy for acute postpartum mastitis. J. Chronic. Dis. 39: 553–560.
Qin, L. et al. (1996). Gene transfer of transforming growth factor-beta 1 prolongs murine cardiac allograft survival by inhibiting cell mediated immunity. Human. Gene Ther. 7: 1981–1988.
Richards, J.S. et al. (1995). Ovarian cell differentiation: a cascade of multiple hormones, cellular signals, and regulated genes. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 50: 223–254.
Richtsmeier W.J. and Eisele, D. (1986). In vivo anergy reversal with cimetidine in patients with cancer. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head and Neck Surg. 112: 1074–1077.
Roman, C. et al. (2001) TGF-beta and colorectal carcinogenesis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 52: 450–457.
Rook, G.A. et al. (1994). Hormones, peripherally activated prohormones and regulation of the Th1/Th2 balance. Immunol. Today 15: 301–303.
Rooney, C.M. et al. (1995). Use of gene-modified virus-specific T lymphocytes to control Epstein-Barr-virus-related lymphoproliferation. Lancet 345: 9–13.
Rosenberg, S.A. et al. (1986). A new approach to the adoptive immunotherapy of cancer with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Science 233: 1318–1321.
Roses, D.F. et al. (1979). Malignant melanoma. Delayed hypersensitivity skin testing. Arch. Surg. 114: 35–38.
Rubini, M. et al. (1994). Platelet-derived growth factor increases the activity of the promoter of the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor gene. Exp. Cell Res. 211: 374–379.
Saareks, V. et al. (1998). Nicotine stereoisomers and cotinine stimulate prostaglandin E2 but inhibit thromboxane B2 and leukotriene E4 synthesis in whole blood. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 353: 87–92.
Saha, D. et al. (1999). Synergistic induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by transforming growth factor-betal and epidermal growth factor inhibits apoptosis in epithelial cells. Neoplasia 1: 508–517.
Sairam, M. et al. (1998). Effect of hypobaric hypoxia on immune function in albino rats. Int. J. Biometeorol. 42: 55–59.
Salgado, R. et al. (1999). Platelet number and interleukin-6 correlate with VEGF but not with bFGF serum levels of advanced cancer patients. Br. J. Cancer 80: 892–897.
Salvadori, S. et al. (1994). Abnormal signal transduction by T cells of mice with parental tumors is not seen in mice bearing IL-2 secreting tumors. J. Immunol. 153: 5176–5182.
Savanthanan, S. and O’Byrne, K.J. (2001). Antiestrogens. J. Br. Meno. Soc. 7: 21–26.
Sawaoka, H. et al. (1998a). Helicobacter pylori infection induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human gastric mucosa. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 59: 313–316.
Sawaoka, H. et al. (1998b). Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors suppress the growth of gastric cancer xenografts via induction of apoptosis in nude mice. Am. J. Physiol. 274: G1061–G1067.
Sawaoka, H. et al. (1999). Cyclooxygenase inhibitors suppress angiogenesis and reduce tumor growth in vivo. Lab. Invest. 79: 1469–1477.
Schaffer, M. and Barbul, A. (1998). Lymphocyte function in wound healing and following injury. Br. J. Surg. 85: 444–460.
Schreinemachers, D.M. and Everson, R.B. (1994). Aspirin use and lung, colon, and breast cancer incidence in a prospective study. Epidemiology 5: 138–146.
Schror, K. et al. (1998). Augmented myocardial ischaemia by nicotine-mechanisms and their possible significance. Br. J. Pharmacol. 125: 79–86.
Singer, A.J. and Clark, R.A. (1999). Cutaneous wound healing. N. Engl. J. Med. 341: 738–746.
Sonnex, C. (1998). Human papillomavirus infection with particular reference to genital disease. J. Clin. Pathol. 51: 643–648.
Sparmann A. and Bar-Sagi D. (2005). Ras oncogene and inflammation: partners in crime. Cell Cycle4 in press.
Spivak, M. et al. (1999). Interrelation of lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood under cervical papillomavirus infection. Folia Microbiol. 44: 721–725.
Strand, S. and Galle, P.R. (1998). Immune evasion by tumours: involvement of the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) system and its clinical implications. Mol. Med. Today 4: 63–68.
Sredni, B. et al. (1996). Predominance of TH1 response in tumor-bearing mice and cancer patients treated with AS101. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88: 1276–1284.
Study, C.P. (1992). The American Cancer Society Prospective Study. Stat. Bull. Metrop. Insur. Co. 73: 21–29.
Subbaramaiah, K. et al. (1997). Inhibition of cyclooxygenase: a novel approach to cancer prevention. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 216: 201–210.
Swede, H.et al. (2005). Association of regular aspirin use and breast cancer risk. Oncology68: 40–47.
Takagi, A. et al. (2000). The effect of Helicobacter pylori on cell proliferation and apoptosis in gastric epithelial cell lines. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 14: 188–192.
Takada, K. (2000). Epstein-Barr virus and gastric carcinoma. Mol. Pathol. 53: 255–261.
Takahashi, Y. et al. (1999). Activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in human breast cancer cells overexpressing cyclooxygenase-1 or-2. FEBS Lett. 460: 145–148.
Taketo, M.M. (1998). Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in tumorigenesis (Part II). J. Natl Cancer Inst. 90: 1609–1620.
Thanos, D. and Maniatis, T. (2000). NF-κB: a lesson in family values. Cell 80: 529–532.
Thun, M.J. and Namboodin, M.M. (1991). Aspirin use and reduced risk of fatal colon cancer. N. Eng. J. Med. 325: 1593–1596.
Tomozawa, S. et al. (1999). Inhibition of haematogenous metastasis of colon cancer in mice by a selective COX-2 inhibitor, JTE-522. Br. J. Cancer. 81: 1274–1279.
Tsai, S.L. et al. (1997). Detection of type-2-like T-helper cells in hepatitis C virus infection: implications for hepatitis C virus chronicity. Hepatology 25: 449–458.
Tsuji, S. et al. (1996). Evidences for involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 in proliferation of two gastrointestinal cancer cell lines. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 55: 179–183.
Tsujii, M. and DuBois, R.N. (1995). Alterations in cellular adhesion and apoptosis in epithelial cells overexpressing prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2. Cell 83: 493–501.
Tsujii, M. et al. (1997). Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human colon cancer cells increases metastatic potential. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94: 3336–3340.
Tsujii, M. et al. (1998). Cyclooxygenase regulates angiogenesis induced by colon cancer cells”. Cell, 93: 705–716.
Ung, A. et al. (1999). Soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels and cervical neoplasia: results from a population-based case-control study in Costa Rica. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 8: 249–253.
Uotila, P. (1996). The role of cyclic AMP and oxygen intermediates in the inhibition of cellular immunity in cancer. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 43: 1–9.
Um, S.J. et al. (2000). Antiproliferative effects of retinoic acid/interferon in cervical carcinoma cell lines: cooperative growth suppression of IRF-1 and p53. Int. J. Cancer 85: 416–423.
Vaganova, I.G. (2000). Apoptosis and proliferation of epithelial cells in papillomaviral and chlamydial cervicitis. Vopr. Onkol. 46: 578–582.
Vainio, H. and Morgan, G. (1998). Cyclo-oxygenase 2 and breast cancer prevention. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents are worth testing in breast cancer. Br. Med. J. 317: 828.
Vane, J.R. et al. (1998). Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 38: 97–120.
Vile, R. et al. (1996). ‘Tumour Vaccines’ in Immunotherapy in Cancer. Gore, M. and Riches, P. (eds). Wiley, Chichester.
White, R. et al. (1988). Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development. N. Engl. J. Med. 319: 525–32.
Volpert, O.V. et al. (1997). Sequential development of an angiogenic phenotype by human fibroblasts progressing to tumorigenicity. Oncogene 14: 1495–1502.
Wahl, S.M. et al. (1987). Transforming growth factor type β induces monocyte chemotaxis and growth factor production. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84: 5788–5792.
Wallenius, V. et al. (2000). Normal pharmacologically-induced, but decreased regenerative liver growth in interleukin-6-deficient (IL-6(-/-) mice. J. Hepatol. 33: 967–974.
Wang, L.S. et al. (1999). Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Taiwan. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 94: 2834–2839.
Wang, P.H. et al. (1998). IGF-I induction of p53 requires activation of MAP kinase in cardiac muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 245: 912–917.
Wang, X. et al. (2000). Epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent Akt activation by oxidative stress enhances cell survival. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 14624–14631.
Watanabe, M. et al. (1997). Regulation of local host-mediated anti-tumor mechanisms by cytokines: direct and indirect effects on leukocyte recruitment and angiogenesis. Am. J. Pathol. 150: 1869–1880.
Webster, N.J. et al. (1996). Repression of the insulin receptor promoter by the tumor suppressor gene product p53: a possible mechanism for receptor overexpression in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 56: 2781–2788.
Werner, H. et al. (1996). Wild-type and mutant p53 differentially regulate transcription of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93: 8318–8323.
White, CD. et al. (1992). Inflammatory cell infiltrate in the cervix as a predictor of residual cervical intraepithelial neoplasia after conization. J. Reprod. Med. 37: 799–802.
Williams, M.P. and Pounder, R.E. (1999). Helicobacter pylori: from the benign to the malignant. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 94: S11–S16.
Wolff, H. et al. (1998). Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human lung carcinoma. Cancer Res. 58: 4997–5001.
Wu, X. et al. (2000). Joint effect of insulin-like growth factors and mutagen sensitivity in lung cancer risk. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 92: 737–743.
Wu, Y. et al. (1996). Activation of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor inhibits tumor necrosis factor-induced cell death. J. Cell Physiol. 168: 499–509.
Yamamoto, T. et al. (1999). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected cells were frequently but dispersely detected in T-cell lymphomas of various types by in situ hybridization with an RNA probe specific to EBV-specific nuclear antigen 1. Virus Res. 65: 43–55.
Yang, C.H. et al. (2001). IFNalpha/beta promotes cell survival by activating NF-kappaB through phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase and Akt. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 13756–13761.
Yang, T. et al. (1999). Regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in renal medulla by tonicity in vivo and in vitro. Am. J. Physiol. 277: F1–F9.
Yao, R. et al. (2000). Inhibition of COX-2 and induction of apoptosis: two determinants of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs’ chemopreventive efficacies in mouse lung tumorigenesis. Exp. Lung Res. 26: 731–742
Yeung, M.C. and Lau, A.S. (1998). Tumor suppressor p53 as a component of the tumor necrosis factor-induced, protein kinase PKR-mediated apoptotic pathway in human promonocytic U937 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 25198–25202.
Zea, A.H. et al. (1995). Alterations in T cell receptor and signal transduction molecules in melanoma patients. Clin. Cancer Res. 1: 1327–1335.
Zhang, F. et al. (1999). Curcumin inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 transcription in bile acid-and phorbol ester-treated human gastrointestinal epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis 20: 445–451.
Zheng, X. et al. (1994). Epstein-Barr virus infection, salted fish and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A case control study in Southern China. Acta Oncol. 33: 867–872.
Zhou, B.P. et al. (2000). HER-2/neu blocks tumour necrosis factor-induced apoptosis via the Akt/NF-κB pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 8027–8031.
Zhu, K. et al. (1999). p53 induces TAP1 and enhances the transport of MHC class I peptides. Oncogene 18: 7740–7747.
zur Hausen, A. et al. (2000). Unique transcription pattern of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in EBV-carrying gastric adenocarcinomas: expression of the transforming BARF1 gene. Cancer Res. 60: 2745–2748.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dalgleish, A.G., O’Byrne, K. (2006). Inflammation and Cancer. In: Dalgleish, A.G., Haefner, B. (eds) The Link Between Inflammation and Cancer. Cancer Treatment and Research, vol 130. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26283-0_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26283-0_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-26282-6
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-26283-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)