Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cytokine Treatment of Fungal Infections

  • Chapter
Immunology of Fungal Infections

  • 1033 Accesses

Abstract

Resolution of invasive fungal infections is often dependent on recovery from an immunocompromised state, indicating that host defense mechanisms are extremely important in the clearance of fungal pathogens. Immunotherapy aimed at enhancing host defense mechanisms may improve clinical outcome of invasive mycoses. Recombinant cytokines and growth factors have been applied in vitro and in animal models to augment host defense mechanisms that are involved in invasive fungal infections. In patients with invasive mycoses, prospective phase 2 studies with recombinant G-CSF and IFNγ have been performed. Recombinant IFNγ is a candidate for phase 3 trials on adjunctive immunotherapy for cryptococcal meningitis, invasive aspergillosis and candidemia

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alavi, J.B., Root, R.K., et al. (1977) A randomized clinical trial of granulocyte transfusions for infection in acute leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 296, 706–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anaissie, E.J., Rex, J.H., et al. (1998) Predictors of adverse outcome in cancer patients with candidemia. Am. J. Med. 104, 238–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antman, K.S., Griffin, J.D., et al. (1988) Effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression. N. Engl. J. Med. 319, 593–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bensinger, W., Singer, J., et al. (1993) Autologous transplantation with peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected after administration of recombinant granulocyte stimulating factor. Blood 81, 3158–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bodey, G.P., Anaissie, E., et al. (1993) Role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as adjuvant therapy for fungal infection in patients with cancer. Clin. Infect. Dis. 17: 705–707.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bone, R.C. (1996) Why sepsis trials fail. Jama 276, 565–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cannom, R.R., French, S.W., et al. (2002) Candida albicans stimulates local expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules and cytokines in vivo. J. Infect. Dis. 186, 389–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casadevall, A. and Pirofski, L.A. (2001) Adjunctive immune therapy for fungal infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33, 1048–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cenci, E., Bartocci, A., et al. (1991) Macrophage colony-stimulating factor in murine candidiasis - serum and tissue levels during infection and protective effect of exogenous administration. Infect. Immun. 59, 868–872.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cenci, E., Mencacci, A., et al. (1998) Cytokine- and T helper-dependent lung mucosal immunity in mice with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. J. Infect. Dis. 178, 1750–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chanock, S.J. and Gorlin, J.B. (1996) Granulocyte transfusions. Time for a second look. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 10, 327–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clemons, K.V., Brummer, E., et al. (1994) Cytokine treatment in central nervous system infecton: efficacy of interleukin-12 alone and synergy with conventional antifungal therapy in experimental cryptococcosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 460–464.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clemons, K.V., Lutz, J.E., et al. (2001) Efficacy of recombinant gamma interferon for treatment of systemic cryptococcosis in SCID mice. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 45, 686–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, J., Ozer, H., et al. (1991) Reduction by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor of fever and neutropenia induced by chemotherapy in patients with small-cell lung cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 325, 164–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dana, B.W., Durie, B.G., et al. (1981) Concomitant administration of granulocyte transfusions and amphotericin B in neutropenic patients: absence of significant pulmonary toxicity. Blood 57, 90–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denning, D.W. (1996) Therapeutic outcome in invasive aspergillosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 23, 608–615.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dignani, M.C., Anaissie, E.J., et al. (1997) Treatment of neutropenia-related fungal infections with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-elicited white blood cell transfusions: a pilot study. Leukemia 11, 1621–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Djeu, J.Y., Blanchard, D.K., et al. (1986) Growth inhibition of Candida albicans by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils: activation by interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor. J. Immunol. 137, 2980–2984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edmond, M.B., Wallace, S.E., et al. (1999) Nosocomial bloodstream infections in United States hospitals: a three- year analysis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 29, 239–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, J.E., Jr. and Edwards, K.E. (1998) Reflections on studies in developing countries. Clin. Infect. Dis. 26, 1367.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ezekowitz, R.A.B., Dinauer, M.C., et al. (1988) Partial correction of the phagocyte defect in patients with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease by subcutaneous interferon gamma. N. Engl. J. Med. 319, 146–151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flesch, I.E.A., Schwamberger, G., et al. (1989) Fungicidal activity of IFN-γ-activated macrophages: extracellular killing of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Immunol. 142, 3219–3224.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fortuny, I.E., Bloomfield, C.D., et al. (1975) Granylocyte transfusion: a controlled study in patients with acuute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Transfusion 15, 548–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freireich, E.J. (1964) Replacement transfusion therapy of thrombocytopenia and leukopenia. Proc. Natl. Cancer Conf. 5, 659–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallin, J.I., Malech, H.L., et al. (1991) A controlled trial of interferon gamma to prevent infection in chronic granulomatous disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 324, 509–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, C.E., Couriel, D.R., et al. (1997) Disseminated zygomycosis in a neutropenic patient: successful treatment with amphotericin B lipid complex and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Clin. Infect. Dis. 24, 192–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graw, R.G., Jr. Herzig, G., et al. (1972) Normal granulocyte transfusion therapy: treatment of septicemia due to gram-negative bacteria. N. Engl. J. Med. 287, 367–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hebart, H., Bollinger, C., et al. (2002) Analysis of T-cell responses to Aspergillus fumigatus antigens in healthy individuals and patients with hematologic malignancies. Blood 100, 4521–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hennequin, C., Benkerrou, M., et al. (1994) Role of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the management of infection with Fusarium oxysporum in a neutropenic child. Clin. Infect. Dis. 18, 490–1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herbrecht, R. and Cordonnier, C. (1995) Impact of cytokines and growth factors in the antifungal armamentarium. Balliére’s Clinicial Infectious Diseases 2, 141–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herbrecht, R., Denning, D.W., et al. (2002) Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 408–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herzig, R.H., Herzig, G.P., et al. (1977). Successful granulocyte transfusion therapy for gram-negative septicemia. A prospectively randomized controlled study. N. Engl. J. Med. 296, 701–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higby, D.J., Yates, J.W., et al. (1975) Filtration leukapheresis for granulocyte transfusion therapy. Clinical and laboratory studies. N. Engl. J. Med. 292, 761–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubel, K., Dale, D.C., et al. (2001) Current status of granulocyte (neutrophil) transfusion therapy for infectious diseases. J. Infect. Dis. 183, 321–328.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hume, D.A. and Denkins, Y. (1992) The deleterious effect of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) on the pathology of experimental candidiasis in mice. Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 11, 95–98.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jendrossek, V., Peters, A.M., et al. (1993) Improvement of superoxide production in monocytes from patients with chronic granulomatous disease by recombinant cytokines. Blood 81, 2131–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joly, V., Saint-Julien, L., et al. (1994) In vivo activity of interferon-γ in combination with amphotericin B in the treatment of experimental cryptococcosis. J. Infect. Dis. 170, 1331–1334.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karp, D.D., Ervin, T.J., et al. (1982) Pulmonary complications during granulocyte transfusions: incidence and clinical features. Vox. Sang. 42, 57–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawakami, K., Qureshi, M.H., et al. (1999) Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-dependent protection and synthesis of chemoattractants for mononuclear leucocytes caused by IL-12 in the lungs of mice infected with Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 117, 113–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klaesson, S., Ringden, O., et al. (1995) Intravenous immunoglobulin: immune modulatory effects in vitro and clinical effects in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 27, 3536–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kullberg, B.J. and Anaissie, E.J. (1998) Cytokines as therapy for opportunistic fungal infections. Res. Immunol. 149, 478–488.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kullberg, B.J., Netea, M.G., et al. (1998a) Recombinant murine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor protects against acute disseminated Candida albicans infection in non-neutropenic mice. J. Infect. Dis. 177, 175–181.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kullberg, B.J., Oude Lashof, A.M., et al. (2004) Design of efficacy trials of cytokines in combination with antifungal drugs. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39 Suppl 4, S218–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kullberg, B.J., Sobel, J.D., et al. (2005) Voriconazole versus a regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole for candidaemia in non-neutropenic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 366, 1435–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kullberg, B.J., Van ‘t Wout, J.W., et al. (1993) Recombinant interferon-γ enhances resistance to acute disseminated Candida albicans infection in mice. J. Infect. Dis. 168, 436–443.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kullberg, B.J., Van ‘t Wout J.W., et al. (1990) Role of granulocytes in enhanced host resistance to Candida albicans induced by recombinant interleukin-1. Infect. Immun. 58, 3319–3324.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kullberg, B.J., Vandewoude, K., et al. (1998b) A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase II study of filgrastim (recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) in combination with fluconazole for treatment of invasive candidiasis and candidemia in nonneutropenic patients. 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Washington, DC, Am. Soc. Microbiol.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, J.E., Clemons, K.V., et al. (2000) Enhancement of antifungal chemotherapy by interferon-gamma in experimental systemic cryptococcosis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 46, 437–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacFadden, D.K., Edelson, J.D., et al. (1987) Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy in treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Lancet 1, 1477–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maertens, J., Demuynck, H., et al. (1997) Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) fails to improve outcome in invasive fungal infections in neutropenic cancer patients. 13th Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology, Parma.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maher, D.W., Lieschke, G.J., et al. (1994) Filgrastim in patients with chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 121, 492–501.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mora-Duarte, J., Betts, R., et al. (2002) Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 2020–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, H.W., Rubin, B.Y., et al. (1984) Impaired production of lymphokines and immune (gamma) interferon in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 310, 883–889.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, H.W., Spitalny, G.L., et al. (1985) Activation of mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro and in vivo by interferon-γ. J. Immunol. 134, 1619–1622.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, L.T., Wu-Hsieh, B.A., et al. (1994) Recombinant murine gamma interferon stimulates macrophages of the RAW cell line to inhibit intracellular growth of Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect. Immun. 62, 680–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neely, A.N. and Holder, I.A. (1992) Effects of immunoglobulin G and low-dose amphotericin B on Candida albicans infections in burned mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36, 643–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nemunaitis, J., Appelbaum, F.R., et al. (1994) Phase I study of recombinant interleukin-1ß in patients undergoing autologous bone marrow transplant for acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood 83, 3473–3479.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nemunaitis, J., Shannon-Dorcy, K., et al. (1993) Long-term follow-up of patients with invasive fungal disease who received adjunctive therapy with recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Blood 82, 1422–1427.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Netea, M.G., Brouwer, A.E., et al. (2004a) Two patients with cryptococcal meningitis and idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia: defective cytokine production and reversal by recombinant interferon- gamma therapy. Clin. Infect Dis. 39, e83–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Netea, M.G., Stuyt, R.J.L., et al. (2002) The role of endogenous interleukin (IL)-18, IL-12, IL-1ß and tumor necrosis factor-α in the production of interferon-γ induced by Candida albicans in human whole blood cultures. J. Infect. Dis. 135, (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Netea, M.G., Van der Graaf, C., et al. (2004b) Recognition of fungal pathogens by Toll-like receptors. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 23, 672–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Netea, M.G., Van der Meer, J.W., et al. (2003a) Sepsis–theory and therapies. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 1600-2; author reply 1600–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Netea, M.G., van der Meer, J.W., et al. (2003b) Proinflammatory cytokines and sepsis syndrome: not enough, or too much of a good thing? Trends Immunol. 24, 254–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pappas, P., Bustamante, B., et al. (2004). Recombinant interferon-γ as adjunctive therapy for acute cryptococcal meningitis. J. Infect. Dis. 189, 2185–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pappas, P.G. (2004) Immunotherapy for invasive fungal infections: from bench to bedside. Drug Resist. Updat. 7, 3–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, P., Forbes, J.C., et al. (1991) Disseminated infection with Pseudallescheria boydii in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease: response to gamma-interferon plus antifungal chemotherapy. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 10, 536–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poynton, C.H., Barnes, R.A., et al. (1998) Interferon γ and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for the treatment of hepatosplenic candidosis in patients with acute leukemia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 26, 239–240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Price, T.H., Bowden, R.A., et al. (2000) Phase I/II trial of neutrophil transfusions from donors stimulated with G-CSF and dexamethasone for treatment of patients with infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood 95, 3302–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puccetti, P., Mencacci, A., et al. (1994) Cure of murine candidiasis by recombinant soluble interleukin-4 receptor. J. Infect. Dis. 169, 1325–1331.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rex, J.H., Bennett, J.E., et al. (1991) In vivo interferon-γ therapy augments the in vitro ability of chronic granulomatous disease neutrophils to damage Aspergillus hyphae. J. Infect. Dis. 163, 849–852.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rex, J.H., Pappas, P.G., et al. (2003) A randomized and blinded multicenter trial of high-dose fluconazole plus placebo versus fluconazole plus amphotericin B as therapy for candidemia and its consequences in nonneutropenic subjects. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36, 1221–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roilides, E., Blake, C., et al. (1996) Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interferon-gamma prevent dexamethasone-induced immunosuppression of antifungal monocyte activity against Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 34, 63–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roilides, E., Holmes, A., et al. (1994) Antifungal activity of elutriated human monocytes against Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae: enhancement by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interferon-γ. J. Infect. Dis. 170, 894–899.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roilides, E., Sein, T., et al. (2001) Elevated serum concentrations of interleukin-10 in nonneutropenic patients with invasive aspergillosis. J. Infect. Dis. 183, 518–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roilides, E., Uhlig, K., et al. (1993) Enhancement of oxidative response and damage caused by human neutrophils to Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and gamma interferon. Infect. Immun. 61, 1185–1193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romani, L. (2004) Immunity to fungal infections. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4, 1–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romani, L., Mencacci, A., et al. (1992) Neutralizing antibody to interleukin 4 induces systemic protection and T helper type 1-associated immunity in murine candidiasis. J. Exp. Med. 176, 19–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romani, L., Puccetti, P., et al. (1994) Neutralization of IL-10 up-regulates nitric oxide production and protects susceptible mice from challenge with Candida albicans. J. Immunol. 152, 3514–3521.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, J.M., Andersen, J.W., et al. (1995) A randomized placebo-controlled phase III study of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in adult patients (>55 to 70 years of age) with acute myelogenous leukemia: a study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E1490). Blood 86, 457–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, J.M., Rubin, A., et al. (1996) Incidence of infections in adult patients (>55) with acute myelogenous leukemia treated with yeast-derivced GM-CSF (sargramostim): results of a double blind prospective study by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Acute leukemias V: Prognostic factors and treatment results. W. Hiddemann and bT. Büchner. New York, NY, Springer Verlag: 178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, D.C., Yeaman, M.R., et al. (2004) Functional and structural diversity in the Als protein family of Candida albicans. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 30480–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger, R.T., Falleroni, M.J., et al. (1993) Concomitant amphotericin B therapy, granulocyte transfusions, and GM-CSF administration for disseminated infection with Fusarium in a granulocytopenic patient. Clin. Infect. Dis. 16, 528–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stratta, R.J., Shaefer, M.S., et al. (1992) A randomized prospective trial of acyclovir and immune globulin prophylaxis in liver transplant recipients receiving OKT3 therapy. Arch. Surg. 127, 55–63; discussion 63–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stuyt, R.J., Netea, M.G., et al. (2004) Recombinant interleukin-18 protects against disseminated Candida albicans infection in mice. J. Infect. Dis. 189, 1524–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stuyt, R.J.L., Netea, M.G., et al. (2002) Role of interleukin-18 in host defense against disseminated Candida albicans infection. Infect. Immun. 70, 3284–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taber, K.W. (1937) Torulosis in man. JAMA 108, 1405–1406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uchida, K., Yamamoto, Y., et al. (1992) Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor facilitates the restoration of resistance to opportunistic fungi in leukopenic mice. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 30, 293–300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van ‘t Wout, J.W., Van der Meer, J.W.M., et al. (1988) Protection of neutropenic mice from lethal Candida albicans infection by recombinant interleukin 1. Eur. J. Immunol. 18, 1143–1146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitt, C.R., Fidler, J.M., et al. (1994) Antifungal activity of recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor in models of acute and chronic candidiasis in the rat. J. Infect. Dis. 169, 369–374.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogels, M.T.E. and Van der Meer, J.W.M. (1992) Use of immune modulators in nonspecific therapy of bacterial infections. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36, 1–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogler, W.R. and Winton, E.F. (1977) A controlled study of the efficacy of granulocyte transfusions in patients with neutropenia. Am. J. Med. 63, 548–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weening, R.S., Leitz, G.J., et al. (1995) Recombinant human interferon-gamma in patients with chronic granulomatous disease–European follow up study. Eur. J. Pediatr. 154, 295–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisdorf, D., Katsanis, E., et al. (1994) Interleukin-1α administered after autologous transplantation: a phase I/II clinical trial. Blood 84, 2044–2049.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisman, M.H. (2002) What are the risks of biologic therapy in rheumatoid arthritis? An update on safety. J. Rheumatol Suppl. 65: 33–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, P.R., Kwon Chung, K.J., et al. (1992) Successful treatment of Paecilomyces varioti infection in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease and a review of Paecilomyces species infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 14, 1023–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winston, D.J., Ho, W.G., et al. (1982) Therapeutic granulocyte transfusions for documented infections. A controlled trial in ninety-five infectious granulocytopenic episodes. Ann. Intern. Med. 97, 509–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wisplinghoff, H., Bischoff, T., et al. (2004) Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39, 309–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, D.G., Robichaud, K.J., et al. (1981) Lethal pulmonary reactions associated with the combined use of amphotericin B and leukocyte transfusions. N. Engl. J. Med. 304, 1185–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Professor of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen University Centre for Infectious Diseases (NUCI), and Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Bart Jan M.D. Kullberg

Authors
  1. Bart Jan M.D. Kullberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bart Jan M.D. Kullberg .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Gordon D. Brown

  2. Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Mihai G. Netea

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kullberg, B.J.M. (2007). Cytokine Treatment of Fungal Infections. In: Brown, G.D., Netea, M.G. (eds) Immunology of Fungal Infections. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5492-0_20

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation