Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Electrochemical Arrays for Bioassay Applications

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Trends in Bioelectroanalysis

Part of the book series: Bioanalytical Reviews ((BIOREV,volume 6))

Abstract

This chapter presents a survey of developments and bioassay applications of individually addressable electrochemical arrays covering the past two decades and including over 90 references. Many different array designs have been fabricated, from macroscopic devices that have two to four sensing elements to ultramicroelectrode arrays containing as many as 12,000 individually addressable micrometer-sized working electrodes. Some inexpensively fabricated arrays are intended for single sample analysis and are disposable, while others are encapsulated for incorporation into reusable microfluidic systems. Devices and assays are grouped according to the types of modifications done to the sensing elements, and sections are included to consider unmodified elements as well as modifications with enzymes, antibodies or antigens, nucleic acids, in addition to viable cells and tissues. Some trends have been identified, and possible future directions are suggested.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

ACV:

Alternating current voltammetry

Ag/AgCl:

Silver/silver chloride reference electrode

BRCA1:

Gene indicator of breast cancer predisposition

CCD:

Charge coupled device camera

CE:

Counter electrode

CFUs:

Colony forming units (viable cells)

CMOS:

Complementary metal oxide semiconductor chip

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

ECL:

Electrochemiluminescence

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen

IgG:

Immunoglobulin G

ITO:

Indium-tin oxide

LED:

Light-emitting diode

MEMS:

Microelectromechanical system

PC12:

Cell line derived from rat adrenal medulla

PCB:

Printed circuit board

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PDMS:

Polydimethylsiloxane

RE:

Reference electrode

RGDS:

Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-serine peptide

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

rRNA:

Ribosomal ribonucleic acid

Ru(bpy)3 2+ :

Tris(2,2′-bipyridine) ruthenium ion

SDC:

Sigma-delta converter (analog to digital converter)

SECM:

Scanning electrochemical microscopy

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SNPs:

Single nucleotide polymorphisms

SU-8:

Insulating photoresist film

UV:

Ultraviolet light

VACNF:

Vertically aligned carbon nanofibers

WE:

Working electrode

References

  1. Tomčik P (2013) Microelectrode arrays with overlapped diffusion layers as electroanalytical detectors: theory and basic applications. Sensors 13:13659–13684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Stefan R-I, van Staden JF, Aboul-Enein HY (1999) Electrochemical sensor arrays. Crit Rev Anal Chem 29:133–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Willner I, Katz E (2000) Integration of layered redox proteins and conductive supports for bioelectronic applications. Angew Chem Int Ed 39:1180–1218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Albers J, Grunwald T, Nebling E, Piechotta G, Hintsche R (2003) Electrical biochip technology – a tool for microarrays and continuous monitoring. Anal Bioanal Chem 377:521–527

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Huang X-J, O’Mahoney AM, Compton RG (2009) Microelectrode arrays for electrochemistry: approaches to fabrication. Small 5:776–788

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Lange U, Roznyatovskaya NV, Mirsky VM (2008) Conducting polymers in chemical sensors and arrays. Anal Chim Acta 614:1–26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Warsinke A (2008) Electrochemical biochips for protein analysis. Adv Biochem Eng 109:155–193

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Laschi S, Centi S, Mascini M (2011) Electrochemical arrays coupled with magnetic separators for immunochemistry. Bioanal Rev 3:11–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Palchetti I, Mascini M (2008) Electroanalytical biosensors and their potential for food pathogen and toxin detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 391:455–471

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Lucarelli F, Tombelli S, Minunni M, Marrazza G, Mascini M (2008) Electrochemical and piezoelectric DNA biosensors for hybridization detection. Anal Chim Acta 609:139–159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Merlos Rodrigo MA, Zitka O, Krejcova L, Hynek D, Masarik M, Kynicky J, Heger Z, Adam V, Kizek R (2014) Electrochemical microarray for identification pathogens: a review. Int J Electrochem Sci 9:3431–3439

    Google Scholar 

  12. Fosdick SE, Knust KN, Scida K, Crooks RM (2013) Bipolar electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed 52:10438–10453

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Rothe J, Frey O, Stettler A, Chen Y, Hierlemann A (2014) Fully integrated CMOS microsystem for electrochemical measurements on 32 x 32 working electrodes at 90 frames per second. Anal Chem 86:6425–6432

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Tang T-C, Deng A, Huang H-J (2002) Immunoassay with a microtiter plate incorporated multichannel electrochemical detection system. Anal Chem 74:2617–2621

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Reiter S, Eckhard K, Blöchl A, Schuhmann W (2001) Redox modification of proteins using sequential-parallel electrochemistry in microtiter plates. Analyst 126:1912–1918

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kitahara T, Koyama N, Matsuda J, Hirakata Y, Kamihira S, Kohno S, Nakashima M, Sasaki H (2003) Evaluation of newly developed oxygen meters with multi-channels and disposable oxygen electrode sensors for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Biol Pharm Bull 26:1229–1234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Andreescu S, Sadik OA, McGee DW, Suye S-I (2004) Autonomous multielectrode system for monitoring the interactions of isoflavonoids with lung cancer cells. Anal Chem 76:2321–2330

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Karasinski J, Andreescu S, Sadik OA, Lavine B, Vora MN (2005) Multiarray sensors with pattern recognition for the detection, classification, and differentiation of bacteria at subspecies and strain levels. Anal Chem 77:7941–7949

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Karasinski J, White L, Zhang Y, Wang E, Andreescu S, Sadik OA, Lavine B, Vora M (2007) Detection and identification of bacteria using antibiotic susceptibility and a multi-array electrochemical sensor with pattern recognition. Biosens Bioelectron 22:2643–2649

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Sun L, Crooks RM (2005) Photonic reporting of electrochemical reactions using light-emitting diodes. J Electrochem Soc 152(11):E371–E377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Abdur Rahman AR, Justin G, Guiseppi-Elie A (2009) Towards an implantable biochip for glucose and lactate monitoring using microdisc electrode arrays (MDEAs). Biomed Microdevices 11:75–85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Zhang B, Adams KL, Luber SJ, Eves DJ, Heien ML, Ewing AG (2008) Spatially and temporally resolved single-cell exocytosis utilizing individually addressable carbon microelectrode arrays. Anal Chem 80:1394–1400

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Mann TS, O’Hagan L, Ertl P, Sparkes DI, Mikkelsen SR (2008) Microplate-compatible biamperometry array for parallel 48-channel amperometric or coulometric measurements. Anal Chem 80:2988–2992

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Forzani ES, Li X, Tao N (2007) Hybrid amperometric and conductometric chemical sensor based on conducting polymer nanojunctions. Anal Chem 79:5217–5224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hafez I, Kisler K, Berberian K, Dernick G, Valero V, Yong MG, Craighead HG, Lindau M (2005) Electrochemical imaging of fusion pore openings by electrochemical detector arrays. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:13879–13884

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Chen Y, Guo C, Lim L, Cheong S, Zhang Q, Tang K, Reboud J (2008) Compact microelectrode array system: tool for in situ monitoring of drug effects on neurotransmitter release from neural cells. Anal Chem 80:1133–1140

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Delibato E, Volpe G, Romanazzo D, De Medici D, Toti L, Moscone D, Palleschi G (2009) Development and application of an electrochemical plate coupled with immunomagnetic beads (ELIME) array for Salmonella enterica detection in meat samples. J Agric Food Chem 57:7200–7204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hou H, Li L, Cho Y, de Figueiredo P, Han A (2009) Microfabricated microbial fuel cell arrays reveal electrochemically active microbes. PLoS One 4:e6570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Biffinger J, Ribbens M, Ringeisen B, Pietron J, Finkel S, Nealson K (2008) Characterization of electrochemically active bacteria utilizing a high-throughput voltage-based screening assay. Biotechnol Bioeng 102:436–444

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Mann TS, Mikkelsen SR (2008) Antibiotic susceptibility testing at a screen-printed carbon electrode array. Anal Chem 80:843–848

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Lin Z, Takahashi Y, Kitagawa Y, Umemura T, Shiku H, Matsue T (2008) An addressable microelectrode array for electrochemical detection. Anal Chem 80:6830–6833

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Chow K-F, Mavré F, Crooks JA, Chang B-Y, Crooks RM (2009) A large-scale, wireless electrochemical bipolar electrode microarray. J Am Chem Soc 131:8364–8365

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Pemberton RM, Cox T, Tuffin R, Drago GA, Griffiths J, Pittson R, Johnson G, Xu J, Sage IC, Davies R, Jackson SK, Kenna G, Luxton R, Hart JP (2014) Fabrication and evaluation of a micro(bio)sensor array chip for multiple parallel measurements of important cell biomarkers. Sensors 14:20519–20532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Sapelnikova S, Dock E, Solná R, Skládal P, Ruzgas T, Emnéus J (2003) Screen-printed multienzyme arrays for use in amperometric batch and flow systems. Anal Bioanal Chem 376:1098–1103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Stephens ML, Pomerleau F, Huettl P, Gerhardt GA, Zhang Z (2010) Real-time glutamate measurements in the putamen of awake rhesus monkeys using an enzyme-based human microelectrode array prototype. J Neurosci Methods 185:264–272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Dalbasti T, Kilinc E, Erdem A, Ozsoz M (1998) Multielectrode array for simultaneous recording of glucose, oxygen and electrocorticography from cerebral cortex in experimental focal epilepsy. Biosens Bioelectron 13:881–888

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kanungo M, Kumar A, Contractor AQ (2003) Microtubule sensors and sensor array based on polyaniline synthesized in the presence of poly(styrene sulfonate). Anal Chem 75:5673–5679

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Tønning E, Sapelnikova S, Christensen J, Carlsson C, Winther-Nielsen M, Dock E, Solna R, Skladal P, Nørgaard L, Ruzgas T, Emnéus J (2005) Chemometric exploration of an amperometric biosensor array for fast determination of wastewater quality. Biosens Bioelectron 21:608–617

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Sapelnikova S, Dock E, Ruzgas T, Emnéus J (2003) Amperometric sensors based on tyrosinase-modified screen-printed arrays. Talanta 61:473–483

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Moser I, Jobst G, Urban GA (2002) Biosensor arrays for simultaneous measurement of glucose, lactate, glutamate and glutamine. Biosens Bioelectron 17:297–302

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Valdés-Ramírez G, Gutiérrez M, del Valle M, Ramírez-Silva MT, Fournier D, Marty J-L (2009) Automated resolution of dichlorvos and methylparaoxon pesticide mixtures employing a flow injection system with an inhibition electronic tongue. Biosens Bioelectron 24:1103–1108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Solná R, Sapelnikova S, Skládal P, Minther-Nielsen M, Carlsson C, Emnéus J, Ruzgas T (2005) Multienzyme electrochemical array sensor for determination of phenols and pesticides. Talanta 65:349–357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Crew A, Lonsdale D, Byrd N, Pittson R, Hart JP (2011) A screen-printed, amperometric biosensor array incorporated into a novel automated system for the simultaneous determination of organophosphate pesticides. Biosens Bioelectron 26:2847–2851

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Weltin A, Kieninger J, Enderle B, Gellner A-K, Fritsch B, Urban GA (2014) Polymer-based, flexible glutamate and lactate microsensors for in vivo applications. Biosens Bioelectron 61:192–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Inoue KY, Matsudaira M, Nakano M, Ino K, Sakamoto C, Kanno Y, Kubo R, Kunikata R, Kira A, Suda A, Tsurumi R, Shioya T, Yoshida S, Muroyama M, Ishikawa T, Shiku H, Satoh S, Esashi M, Matsue T (2015) Advanced LSI-based amperometric sensor array with light-shielding structure for effective removal of photocurrent and mode selectable function for individual operation of 400 electrodes. Lab Chip 15:848–856

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Lee HY, Lee BK, Park JW, Jung HS, Kim JM, Kawai T (2008) Self-organized functional lipid vesicle array for sensitive immunoassay chip. Ultramicroscopy 108:1325–1327

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Dong H, Li C-M, Zhang Y-F, Cao X-D, Gan Y (2007) Screen-printed microfluidic device for electrochemical immunoassay. Lab Chip 7:1752–1758

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Zhang Y, Wang H, Nie J, Zhang Y, Shen GYR (2009) Individually addressable microelectrode arrays fabricated with gold-coated pencil graphite particles for multiplexed and high sensitive impedance immunoassays. Biosens Bioelectron 23:34–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Wilson MS, Nie W (2006) Electrochemical multianalyte immunoassays using an array-based sensor. Anal Chem 78:2507–2513

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Piermarini S, Michele L, Ammida NHS, Palleschi G, Moscone D (2007) Electrochemical immunosensor array using a 96-well screen-printed microplate for aflatoxin B1 detection. Biosens Bioelectron 22:1434–1440

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Parker CO, Lanyon YH, Manning M, Arrigan DWM, Tothill IE (2009) Electrochemical immunochip sensor for aflatoxin M1 detection. Anal Chem 81:5291–5298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Polsky R, Harper JC, Wheeler DR, Dirk SM, Arango DC, Brozik SM (2008) Electrically addressable diazonium-functionalized antibodies for multianalyte electrochemical sensor applications. Biosens Bioelectron 23:757–764

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Wu J, Yan Y, Yan F, Ju H (2008) Electric field-driven strategy for multiplexed detection of protein biomarkers using a disposable reagentless electrochemical immunosensor array. Anal Chem 80:6072–6077

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Wu J, Yan F, Tang J, Zhai C, Ju H (2007) A disposable multianalyte electrochemical immunosensor array for automated simultaneous determination of tumor markers. Clin Chem 53:1495–1502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Wu J, Zhang Z, Fu Z, Ju H (2007) A disposable two-throughput electrochemical immunosensor chip for simultaneous multianalyte determination of tumor markers. Biosens Bioelectron 23:114–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Wu J, Yan F, Zhang X, Yan Y, Tang J, Ju H (2008) Disposable reagentless electrochemical immunosensor array based on a biopolymer/sol-gel membrane for simultaneous measurement of several tumor markers. Clin Chem 54:1481–1488

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Aguilar ZP, Sirisena M (2007) Development of automated amperometric detection of antibodies against Bacillus anthracis protective antigen. Anal Bioanal Chem 389:507–515

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Harper JC, Polsky R, Wheeler DR, Dirk SM, Brozik SM (2007) Selective immobilization of DNA and antibody probes on electrode arrays: simultaneous electrochemical detection of DNA and protein on a single platform. Langmuir 23:8285–8287

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Henry OY, Fragoso A, Beni V, Laboria N, Acero Sánchez JL, Latta D, Von Germar F, Drese K, Katakis I, O’Sullivan CK (2009) Design and testing of a packaged microfluidic cell for the multiplexed electrochemical detection of cancer markers. Electrophoresis 30:3398–3405

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Jeon SI, Hong JW, Yoon HC (2006) A new immunosensing method by galactose oxidase-mediated electrocatalysis using a virtual beaker array. Biotechnol Lett 28:1401–1408

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Kadimisetty K, Malla S, Sardesai NP, Joshi AA, Faria RC, Lee NH, Rusling JF (2015) Automated multiplexed ECL immunoarrays for cancer biomarker proteins. Anal Chem 87:4472–4478

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Arumugam PU, Chen H, Siddiqui S, Weinrich JAP, Jejelowo A, Li J, Meyyappan M (2009) Wafer-scale fabrication of patterned carbon nanofiber nanoelectrode arrays: a route for development of multiplexed, ultrasensitive disposable biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 24:2818–2824

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Liao JC, Mastali M, Gau V, Suchard MA, Møller AK, Bruckner DA, Babbit JT, Li Y, Gornbein J, Landaw EM, McCabe ERB, Churchill BM, Haake DA (2006) Use of electrochemical DNA biosensors for rapid molecular identification of uropathogens in clinical urine specimens. J Clin Microbiol 44:561–570

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Mach KE, Du CB, Phull H, Haake DA, Shih M-C, Baron EJ, Liao JC (2009) Multiplex pathogen identification for polymicrobial urinary tract infections using biosensor technology: a prospective clinical study. J Urol 182:2735–2741

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Goto K, Horiuchi H, Shinohara H, Motegi K, Hashimoto K, Hongo S, Gemma N, Hayashimoto N, Itoh T, Takakura A (2007) Specific and quantitative detection of PCR products from Clostridium piliforme, Helicobacter bilis, H. hepaticus, and mouse hepatitis virus infected mouse samples using a newly developed electrochemical DNA chip. J Microbiol Methods 69:93–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Levine PM, Gong P, Levicky R, Shepard KL (2009) Real-time, multiplexed electrochemical DNA detection using an active complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor biosensor array with integrated sensor electronics. Biosens Bioelectron 24:1995–2001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Neugebauer S, Zimdars A, Liepold P, Gębala M, Schuhmann W, Hartwich G (2009) Optimization of an electrochemical DNA assay by using a 48-electrode array and redox amplification studies by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy. ChemBioChem 10:1193–1199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Pavlovic E, Lai RY, Wu TT, Ferguson BS, Sun R, Plaxco KW, Soh HT (2008) Microfluidic device architecture for electrochemical patterning and detection of multiple DNA sequences. Langmuir 24:1102–1107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Wan Y, Zhang J, Liu G, Pan D, Wang L, Song S, Fan C (2009) Ligase-based multiple DNA analysis by using an electrochemical sensor array. Biosens Bioelectron 24:1209–1212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Zhang D, Peng Y, Qi H, Gao Q, Zhang C (2010) Label-free electrochemical DNA biosensor array for simultaneous detection of the HIV-1 and HIV-2 oligonucleotides incorporating different hairpin-DNA probes and redox indicator. Biosens Bioelectron 25:1088–1094

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Henry OY, Acero Sanchez JL, Latta D, O’Sullivan CK (2009) Electrochemical quantification of DNA amplicons via the detection of non-hybridised guanine bases on low-density electrode arrays. Biosens Bioelectron 24:2064–2070

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Nebling E, Grunwald T, Albers J, Schäfer P, Hintsche R (2004) Electrical detection of viral DNA using ultramicroelectrode arrays. Anal Chem 76:689–696

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Douglas ES, Hsiao SC, Onoe H, Bertozzi CR, Francis MB, Mathies RA (2009) DNA-barcode directed capture and electrochemical metabolic analysis of single mammalian cells on a microelectrode array. Lab Chip 9:2010–2015

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Marquette CA, Lawrence MF, Blum LJ (2006) DNA covalent immobilizatiton onto screen-printed electrode networks for direct label-free hybridization detection of p53 sequences. Anal Chem 78:959–964

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Bettazzi F, Lucarelli F, Palchetti I, Berti F, Marrazza G, Mascini M (2008) Disposable electrochemical DNA-array for PCR amplified detection of hazelnut allergens in foodstuffs. Anal Chim Acta 614:93–102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Diercks S, Metfies K, Medlin LK (2008) Development and adaptation of a multiprobe biosensor for the use in a semi-automated device for the detection of toxic algae. Biosens Bioelectron 23:1527–1533

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Elsholz B, Wörl R, Blohm L, Albers J, Feucht H, Grunwald T, Jürgen B, Schweder T, Hintsche R (2006) Automated detection and quantitation of bacterial RNA by using electrical microarrays. Anal Chem 78:4794–4802

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Ghindilis AL, Smith MW, Schwartzkopf KR, Roth KM, Peyvan K, Munro SB, Lodes MJ, Stőver AG, Bernards K, Dill K, McShea A (2007) CombiMatrix oligonucleotide arrays: genotyping and gene expression assays employing electrochemical detection. Biosens Bioelectron 22:1853–1860

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Chow K-F, Mavré F, Crooks RM (2008) Wireless electrochemical DNA microarray sensor. J Am Chem Soc 130:7544–7545

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Furst AL, Hill MG, Barton JK (2015) A multiplexed, two-electrode platform for biosensing based on DNA-mediated charge transport. Langmuir 31:6554–6562

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Joda H, Beni V, Willems A, Frank R, Höth J, Lind K, Strömbom L, Katakis I, O’Sullivan CK (2015) Modified primers for rapid and direct electrochemical analysis of coeliac disease associated HLA alleles. Biosens Bioelectron 73:64–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Cheng W, Ding L, Ding S, Yin Y, Ju H (2009) A simple electrochemical cytosensor array for dynamic analysis of carcinoma cell surface glycans. Angew Chem Int Ed 48:6465–6468

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Wang J, Trouillon R, Lin Y, Svensson MI, Ewing AG (2013) Individually addressable thin-film ultramicroelectrode array for spatial measurements of single vesicle release. Anal Chem 85:5600–5608

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Quinton D, Girard A, Kim LTT, Raimbault V, Griscom L, Razan F, Griveau S, Bedioui F (2011) On-chip multi-electrochemical sensor array platform for simultaneous screening of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Lab Chip 11:1342–1350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Canali C, Mazzoni C, Larsen LB, Heiskanen A, Martinsen OG, Wolff A, Dufva M, Emneus J (2015) Analyst 140:6079–6088

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Yang SY, DeFranco JA, Sylvester YA, Gobert TJ, Macaya DJ, Owens RM, Malliaras GG (2009) Integration of a surface-directed microfluidic system with an organic electrochemical transistor array for multi-analyte biosensors. Lab Chip 9:704–708

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Chang S-C, Pereira-Rodrigues N, Henderson JR, Cole A, Bedioui F, McNeil CJ (2005) An electrochemical sensor array system for the direct, simultaneous in vitro monitoring of nitric oxide and superoxide production by cultured cells. Biosens Bioelectron 21:917–922

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Huang H-C, Huang S-Y, Lin C-I, Lee Y-D (2007) A multi-array sensor via the integration of acrylic molecularly imprinted photoresists and ultramicroelectrodes on a glass chip. Anal Chim Acta 582:137–146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Hu L, Bartels JL, Bartels JW, Maurer K, Moeller KD (2009) A new porous reaction layer for developing addressable molecular libraries. J Am Chem Soc 131:16638–16639

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Huang Y, Liu Y, Hassler BL, Worden RM, Mason AJ (2013) A protein-based electrochemical biosensor array platform for integrated microsystems. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Systems 7:43–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Liu X, Barizuddin S, Shin W, Mathai CJ, Gangopadhyay S, Gillis KD (2011) Microwell device for targeting single cells to electrochemical microelectrodes for high-throughput amperometric detection of quantal exocytosis. Anal Chem 83:2445–2451

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The assistance of Dr Mehdi Rahimi is gratefully acknowledged for a preliminary collection of array references. The authors also acknowledge support from colleagues and the institutions of the University of Waterloo, Department of Chemistry (SM) as well as the Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Química Biológica (EC), and the IQUIBICEN-CONICET of Argentina (EC).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, and IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Eduardo Cortón

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada

    Susan R. Mikkelsen

Authors
  1. Eduardo Cortón
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Susan R. Mikkelsen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Susan R. Mikkelsen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

    Frank-Michael Matysik

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cortón, E., Mikkelsen, S.R. (2016). Electrochemical Arrays for Bioassay Applications. In: Matysik, FM. (eds) Trends in Bioelectroanalysis. Bioanalytical Reviews, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/11663_2016_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation