Abstract
This review summarizes mostly the literature data accumulated during the last decade on betaine-type polyampholytes. Synthetic pathways to polybetaines consisting of radical polymerization, the Michael addition reaction, and polymer-analogous transformation are discussed together with methods of controlled polymerization, such as group transfer polymerization, atomic transfer radical polymerization, and reversible addition fragmentation transfer. The role of intra- and interchain associates resulting in insolubility in pure water due to the formation of ionically cross-linked network structures, and solubility in saline water because of the disruption of the ionic networks, are outlined. Attention is also paid to the recent advancement of hydrophobically modified polymeric betaines with emphasis on phospholipid-containing vinyl polymers. Polymer complexes of polybetaines, in particular interpolyelectrolyte, polymer–surfactant, and polymer–metal complexes, are considered in the light of the competition between intra- and intermolecular ionic contacts and the cooperative character of interactions. Stimuli-sensitive behavior and morphological changes of polybetaine hydrogels triggered by changes of the pH, ionic strength, water–organic solvent mixture, metal complexation, and DC electric field are discussed with respect to the ionization state of the macromolecules and the thermodynamic quality of solvents, as well as osmotic, chelating, and polarization effects. Some application aspects of polybetaines in medicine, biotechnology, hydrometallurgy, and the oil industry are also discussed.
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Abbreviations
- AMBNa:
-
Sodium 3-acrylamido-3-methylbutanoate
- AMPDAPS:
-
3-[(2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate
- APDAPS:
-
3-[N-(3-Acrylamido)propyl-N,N′-dimethylammonio]-propanesulfonate
- APDMAE:
-
2-(3-Acrylamidopropyldimethylammonio)-ethanoate
- APE:
-
Anionic polyelectrolyte
- ATRP:
-
Atom transfer radical polymerization
- BMA:
-
n-Butyl methacrylate
- BSA:
-
Bovine serum albumin
- Chol:
-
Cholesterol
- CPE:
-
Cationic polyelectrolyte
- CRP:
-
Controlled radical polymerization
- CTA:
-
Chain transfer agent
- DADMAC:
-
N,N-Diallyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride
- DC:
-
Direct current
- DEAEM:
-
2-(Diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate
- DIPAEM:
-
2-(Diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate
- DLS:
-
Dynamic light scattering
- DMAAPS:
-
N,N-Dimethyl(acrylamidopropyl)ammonium propanesulfonate
- DMAEM:
-
N,N-Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate
- DMAPS:
-
N,N-Dimethyl-N-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl)ammonium propanesulfonate
- DMF:
-
Dimethylformamide
- DMSO:
-
Dimethyl sulfoxide
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- EDMA:
-
Ethylene dimethacrylate
- EDTA:
-
N,N-Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- ELISA:
-
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- GPC:
-
Gel-permeation chromatography
- GTP:
-
Group transfer polymerization
- HPLC:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography
- IEP:
-
Isoelectric point
- IPC:
-
Interpolyelectrolyte complexes
- LB:
-
Langmuir–Blodgett
- LCST:
-
Lower critical solution temperature
- MAA:
-
Methacrylic acid
- MEMA:
-
2-(N-Morpholino)ethyl methacrylate
- MPC:
-
2-Methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine
- NaPSS:
-
Poly(styrenesulfonate sodium salt)
- NIPAM:
-
N-Isopropylacrylamide
- PAA:
-
Poly(acrylic acid)
- PAAm:
-
Polyacrylamide
- PAESD:
-
Poly(diallylaminoethanoate-co-sulfur dioxide)
- PAMPS:
-
Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid)
- PBA:
-
Poly(butyl methacrylate)
- PCB:
-
Polycarbobetaine
- PCEAC:
-
Poly(carboxyethyl 3-aminocrotonate)
- PCEAC-Ala:
-
Poly(carboxyethyl 3-aminocrotonate) modified by β-alanine
- PCEAC-Ea:
-
Poly(carboxyethyl 3-aminocrotonate) modified by ethanolamine
- PCEAC-Gly:
-
Poly(carboxyethyl 3-aminocrotonate) modified by glycine
- PCEAC-Lys:
-
Poly(carboxyethyl 3-aminocrotonate) modified by lysine
- PCECHAC:
-
Poly(carboxyethyl 3-cyclohexylaminocrotonate)
- PCEPAC:
-
Poly(carboxyethyl 3-propylaminocrotonate)
- PCMEDDAC:
-
Poly3-[(2-carboxy-1-methylethyl)dodecylaminocrotonate]
- PDADMAC:
-
Poly(N,N-diallyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride)
- PDI:
-
Polydispersity index
- PDMAPAA-Q:
-
Quaternized polyN-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]acrylamide chloride
- PDMAPS:
-
Poly[3-dimethyl(methacryloyloxyethyl)ammonium propanesulfonate]
- PEG:
-
Poly(ethylene glycol)
- PEI:
-
Polyethyleneimine
- PEO:
-
Poly(ethylene oxide)
- PHMG:
-
Poly(hexamethylene guanidine)
- PMAA:
-
Poly(methacrylic acid)
- PMMA:
-
Poly(methyl methacrylate)
- PNIPAM-PC:
-
Phosphorylcholine-based poly-N-isopropylacrylamide
- polyAMPS:
-
poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid)
- polyCEACPhos:
-
Poly(carboxyethyl 3-aminocrotonate) modified by phosphatidylethanolamine
- polyTRIM:
-
Poly(trimethylpropane trimethacrylate)
- PPD:
-
Pour point depressant
- PPO:
-
Poly(propylene oxide)
- PSB:
-
Polysulfobetaine
- PVA:
-
Poly(vinyl alcohol)
- PVP:
-
Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)
- RAFT:
-
Reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer
- UCST:
-
Upper critical solution temperature
- VPPS:
-
2-Vinylpyridiniopropanesulfonate
- XPS:
-
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- ZPE:
-
Zwitterionic polyelectrolyte
- a :
-
Exponent of Mark–Kuhn–Houwink equation
- A 2 :
-
Second virial coefficient
- α:
-
Ionization degree
- αe :
-
Electrostatic expansion factor
- C protein :
-
Protein concentration
- C s :
-
Low molecular weight salt concentration
- d h :
-
Hydrodynamic diameter
- E :
-
Voltage
- E A :
-
Activation energy
- [η]:
-
Intrinsic viscosity
- ηsp/C :
-
Reduced viscosity
- G el :
-
Electrostatic Gibbs energy
- I E :
-
Fluorescence intensity of excimer
- I M :
-
Fluorescence intensity of monomer
- k i :
-
(i = 1, 2, 3, …) Microscopic ionization constant
- K i :
-
(i = 1, 2, 3, …) Macroscopic ionization constant
- K t :
-
Tautomeric constant
- L :
-
Distance
- M n :
-
Number average molecular weight
- M w :
-
Weight average molecular weight
- μ:
-
Ionic strength of the solution
- pK a :
-
Ionization constant of acidic group
- pK b :
-
Ionization constant of basic group
- pHc :
-
Boundary between the primary and nonassociative phases
- pHiep :
-
Isoelectric pH
- pHϕ :
-
Boundary between the primary and aggregate phases
- R :
-
Molar ratio of polyelectrolyte/polybetaine
- R g :
-
Radius of gyration
- R h :
-
Hydrodynamic radius
- R p :
-
Propagation rate
- t :
-
Time
- T g :
-
Glass transition temperature
- Z pr :
-
Protein charge
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Acknowledgments
Financial support from INTAS-00/57, INTAS-00/113, and INTAS-Aral 1033 grants is greatly acknowledged.
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Kudaibergenov, S., Jaeger, W., Laschewsky, A. (2006 ). Polymeric Betaines: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application. In: Supramolecular Polymers Polymeric Betains Oligomers. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 201. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_078
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