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Pathology of the Facial Nerve

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Temporal Bone Imaging

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Diagn Imaging))

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Abstract

The facial nerve is the most common paralyzed nerve of the human body. It is responsible for facial mimic, lacrimation, salivation, and taste with dysfunction of this nerve having a tremendous negative impact on patient’s lives. Its long and tortuous course within the densest bone of the human body and its fragile vascular supply make it particularly vulnerable to injury and difficult to rehabilitate functionally. As it is not amenable to direct clinical inspection, imaging plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis, management, and follow-up of patients with facial nerve dysfunction. The increasing resolution of imaging studies has lead to an increasing number of recognizable causes of facial nerve palsy improving the diagnostic yield and allowing for early treatment and functional rehabilitation. However, to keep high-resolution imaging within a reasonable time frame, it is advisable to tailor studies to the most likely location of a lesion along the course of the nerve. Clinically oriented topognostic testing is invaluable for this purpose. Appropriate imaging of the facial nerve requires detailed knowledge of its anatomy and physiology, mastering imaging technique, and recognition of the imaging features of the wide set of pathologic processes that may affect this nerve.

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Abbreviations

FSE:

Fast spin echo

DWI:

Diffusion weighted imaging

GRE:

Gradient echo

3DFT-CISS:

Tridimensional Fourier transform constructive interference in the steady state

DRIVE:

Driven equilibrium (optimized contrast using flip angle evolution)

FIESTA:

Fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition

GRE-SSFP:

Gradient echo steady-state free precessing

True-FISP:

True fast imaging with steady-state precession

bFFE:

Balanced fast-field echo

SPACE:

Sampling perfection with application of optimized contrast

3D TOF MRA:

Tridimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography

3D-FISP:

Fast imaging with steady-state precession

3D-FLASH:

Fast low-angle shot

3D CE-FAST:

Contrast-enhanced Fourier-acquired steady state

SPGR:

Spoiled gradient echo

MPRAGE:

Magnetized prepared rapid gradient echo

VIBE:

Volume interpolation breath hold enhancement

SENSE:

Sensitivity encoding

SWI:

Susceptibility weighted images

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  1. Radiology Department, Instituto Português de Oncologia Francisco Gentil- Centro de Lisboa, R. Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisbon, Portugal

    Alexandra Borges

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  1. Algemeen Ziekenhuis Sint-Lucas Dept. Radiology, Gent, Belgium

    Marc Lemmerling

  2. St.-Agustinus Ziekenhuis Dept. Radiology, Wilrijk, Belgium

    Bert De Foer

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Borges, A. (2014). Pathology of the Facial Nerve. In: Lemmerling, M., De Foer, B. (eds) Temporal Bone Imaging. Medical Radiology(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2013_940

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