Abstract
The main function of mature T cells is to recognize and respond to foreign antigens by a complex activation process involving differentiation of the resting cell to a proliferating lymphoblast actively secreting immunoregulatory lymphokines or displaying targeted cytotoxicity, ultimately leading to recruitment of other cell types and initiation of an effective immune response. In order to understand the physiology and pathophysiology of T lymphocytes, it is necessary to decode the biochemical processes that integrate signals from antigen, cytokine, integrin and death receptors. The principal upon which our work is based is to explore and identify gene products of distinct members of the AGC family of protein serine/threonine kinases as key players mediating cell growth regulation. Given the established important role of PKC θ as regulator of T cell fate and knowing that several other PKC isotypes are also expressed in T cells at a high level, we now summarize the physiological and non-redundant functions of PKC α, β, δ, , ζ and θ isotypes in T cells. This review describes the current knowledge of the physiological and non-redundant functions of the PKC gene products in T cells.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- AP-1:
-
Activating protein-1
- DAG:
-
Diacylglycerol
- EMSA:
-
Electrophoretic mobility shift assay
- ER:
-
Endoplasmic reticulum
- ERK:
-
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FACS:
-
Fluorescence-activated cell sorter
- IκB:
-
Inhibitor of κB
- IKK:
-
IκB kinase
- IL2:
-
Interleukin-2
- IP3:
-
Inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MLR:
-
Mixed lymphocyte reaction
- NFAT:
-
Nuclear factor of activated T cells
- NFκB:
-
Nuclear factor of κB
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- PDB:
-
Phorboldibutyrate
- PDK:
-
1 3-Phospoinositide dependent protein kinase-1
- PIP2:
-
Phospatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate
- PKC:
-
Protein kinase C
- PLC:
-
Phospholipase C
- PS:
-
Phosphatidylserine
- TCR:
-
T cell receptor
References
Altman A, Coggeshall KM, Mustelin T (1990) Molecular events mediating T cell activation. Adv Immunol 48:227–360
Baier G (2003) The PKC gene module: molecular biosystematics to resolve its T cell functions. Immunol Rev 192:64–79
Chen CY, Faller DV (1999) Selective inhibition of protein kinase C isozymes by Fas ligation. J Biol Chem 274:15320–15328
Gruber T, Barsig J, Pfeifhofer C et al. (2005) PKCdelta is involved in signal attenuation in CD3(+) T cells. Immunol Lett 96:291–293
Gruber T, Thuille N, Fresser F et al. (2007) PKCtheta T cell signaling function cooperates with aPKCzeta. Mol Immunol (in press)
Hara H, Wada T, Bakal C et al. (2003) The MAGUK family protein CARD11 is essential for lymphocyte activation. Immunity 18:763–775
Haverstick DM, Dicus M, Resnick MS, Sando JJ, Gray LS (1997) A role for protein kinase CbetaI in the regulation of Ca2+ entry in Jurkat T cells. J Biol Chem 272:15426–15433
Kane LP, Andres PG, Howland KC, Abbas AK, Weiss A (2001) Akt provides the CD28 costimulatory signal for up-regulation of IL-2 and IFN-gamma but not TH2 cytokines. Nat Immunol 2:37–44
Kofler K, Erdel M, Utermann G, Baier G (2002) Molecular genetics and structural genomics of the human protein kinase C gene module. Genome Biol 3:R14–16
Leitges M, Schmedt C, Guinamard R et al. (1996) Immunodeficiency in protein kinase cbeta-deficient mice. Science 273:788–791
Long A, Kelleher D, Lynch S, Volkov Y (2001) Cutting edge: protein kinase C beta expression is critical for export of Il-2 from T cells. J Immunol 167:636–640
Marsland BJ, Soos TJ, Spath G, Littman DR, Kopf M (2004) Protein kinase C theta is critical for the development of in vivo T helper (Th)2 cell but not Th1 cell responses. J Exp Med 200:181–189
Newton AC (2001) Protein kinase C: structural and spatial regulation by phosphorylation, cofactors, and macromolecular interactions. Chem Rev 101:2353–2364
Pfeifhofer C, Gruber T, Letschka T, Thuille N, Lutz-Nicoladoni C, Hermann-Kleiter N, Braun U, Leitges M, Baier G (2006) Defective IgG2a/2b class switching in PKC alpha-/- mice. J Immunol 176:6004–6011
Pfeifhofer C, Kofler K, Gruber T et al. (2003) Protein kinase C theta affects Ca2+ mobilization and NFAT cell activation in primary mouse T cells. J Exp Med 197:1525–1535
Rykx A, De Kimpe L, Mikhalap S et al. (2003) Protein kinase D: a family affair. FEBS Lett 546:81–86
Salek-Ardakani S, So T, Halteman BS, Altman A, Croft M (2004) Differential regulation of Th2 and Th1 lung inflammatory responses by protein kinase C theta. J Immunol 173:6440–6447
San Antonio B, Iniguez MA, Fresno M (2002) Protein kinase Czeta phosphorylates nuclear factor of activated T cells and regulates its transactivating activity. J Biol Chem 277:27073–27080
Sun Z, Arendt CW, Ellmeier W et al. (2000) PKC-theta is required for TCR-induced NF-kappaB activation in mature but not immature T lymphocytes. Nature 404:402–407
Thuille N, Gruber T, Bock G, Leitges M, Baier G (2004) Protein kinase C beta is dispensable for TCR-signaling. Mol Immunol 41:385–390
Thuille N, Heit I, Fresser F, Krumböck N, Bauer B, Leuthaeusser S, Dammeier S, Graham C, Copeland TD, Shaw S, Baier G (2005) Critical role of novel Thr-219 autophosphorylation for the cellular function of PKCtheta in T lymphocytes. EMBO J 16:3869–3880
Trushin SA, Pennington KN, Carmona EM et al. (2003) Protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) acts upstream of PKCtheta to activate IkappaB kinase and NF-kappaB in T lymphocytes. Mol Cell Biol 23:7068–7081
Volkov Y, Long A, Kelleher D (1998) Inside the crawling T cell: leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 cross-linking is associated with microtubule-directed translocation of protein kinase C isoenzymes beta(I) and delta. J Immunol 161:6487–6495
Volkov Y, Long A, McGrath S, Ni ED, Kelleher D (2001) Crucial importance of PKC-beta(I) in LFA-1-mediated locomotion of activated T cells. Nat Immunol 2:508–514
Yamamoto M, Takai Y, Hashimoto E, Nishizuka Y (1997) Intrinsic activity of guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase similar to adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. I. Phosphorylation of histone fractions. J Biochem (Tokyo) 81:1857–1862
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag
About this paper
Cite this paper
Baier, G. (2008). PKC Isotype Functions in T Lymphocytes. In: Baier, G., Schraven, B., Zügel, U., von Bonin, A. (eds) Sparking Signals. Ernst Schering Foundation Symposium Proceedings, vol 2007/3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/2789_2007_061
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/2789_2007_061
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-73500-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-73501-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)